Anemia in Long COVID: Characteristics and Clinical Correlations

This integrative review aimed to understand the mechanisms of iron dysregulation associated with long COVID by analyzing studies from January to October 2025. The findings highlighted hematological disorders, predominantly anemia of inflammation, characterized by hyper-hepcidinemia, functional iron restriction, and reduced erythropoiesis. Structural and biochemical changes in red blood cells, such as membrane modifications, increased carboxyhemoglobin, and signs of subclinical hemolysis, were also noted. These abnormalities were linked to reduced capacity, fatigue, and slow recovery, with men and those with severe acute COVID-19 more likely to experience persistent hematological changes. The study underscores the importance of continuous laboratory monitoring and evaluation to guide timely interventions for long COVID-related anemia and iron metabolism dysregulation.