Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles Derived from Agricultural and Biowaste for Advanced Wound Healing Applications: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles synthesized from agricultural and biowaste offer a promising solution for chronic and non-healing wounds due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties. These nanoparticles, including silver, gold, and zinc oxide, promote wound healing by disrupting microbial membranes, modulating inflammation, and enhancing tissue regeneration. Despite their potential, challenges such as variability in biological precursors, reproducibility, biosafety, and regulatory hurdles hinder their clinical application. This review highlights the potential of these nanoparticles to advance wound care by integrating sustainable nanotechnology with circular bioeconomy principles.