Brimonidine Beyond a Single Specialty: Pharmacological Profile, Dermatologic Applications, and Advances in Drug Delivery Systems

Brimonidine, initially developed for glaucoma, is now recognized for its dermatological benefits due to its vasoconstrictive and anti-inflammatory properties. It effectively reduces facial erythema in rosacea by activating α₂-adrenergic receptors, and shows promise in treating alcohol flushing syndrome, telangiectasia, and post-procedural erythema. Its minimal systemic absorption and favorable safety profile support long-term use, despite potential transient rebound erythema. Advances in drug delivery, such as nanotechnology, enhance its efficacy and tolerability, while new analogues may improve selectivity and application. Brimonidine's role is expanding beyond rosacea to broader dermatologic uses, including managing transient redness and sensitive skin.