Exosomes and Their Bioengineering Strategies in Cutaneous Wound Healing and Related Complications: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, play a crucial role in wound healing by promoting angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and balancing inflammatory responses. Stem cell-derived exosomes are particularly effective due to their low immunogenicity and lack of tumorigenicity. When genetically modified or combined with materials, exosomes enhance therapeutic properties, such as targeted delivery and penetration barriers. They hold potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in complex wound repair and related complications. Despite promising research, clinical applications face challenges due to the lack of reliable commercial products. The review highlights recent advances, potential therapeutic applications, and future directions for engineered exosomes in wound healing, while addressing associated risks and challenges.