Gut Microbiota-Derived Exosomes Are Unique Natural Nanocarriers for Therapeutics

Gut microbiota-derived exosomes (MDEs) are emerging as promising natural nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. These exosomes, secreted by bacteria, fungi, and archaea in the human gut, can traverse biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and intestinal mucosa, delivering drugs such as RNA, proteins, and small molecules to specific tissues. The review highlights the potential of MDEs in personalized medicine, targeting diseases like cancer, inflammatory conditions, and male infertility. Despite challenges in standardizing production and quality control, bioengineering strategies to enhance MDE targeting capabilities show promise for future clinical applications.