Impact of Systemic Hormonal Imbalances on Sebaceous Gland Disorders: An In-Depth Review Integrating Clinical, Endocrine, and Therapeutic Insights

Sebaceous gland disorders (SGDs) such as acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis are significantly influenced by systemic hormonal imbalances, with androgens, insulin, IGF-1, estrogens, and progesterone playing key roles in sebocyte activity and sebum production. Conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and thyroid dysfunction often present with sebaceous changes, highlighting the diagnostic value of skin symptoms. Treatment strategies are increasingly focusing on hormonal and metabolic modulation, using therapies like combined oral contraceptives and metformin. The review also explores the roles of prolactin, galectin-12, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in SGDs, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to improve diagnosis and patient outcomes.