TLDR Genetics may play a significant role in gender dysphoria.
This case report presents monozygotic transgender male twins, assigned female at birth, who were referred to an endocrinology clinic for hormonal management. Both twins, aged 27, have undergone mastectomy and are on testosterone therapy, showing physical changes such as increased body hair and voice deepening without mood-related side effects. The study highlights the genetic concordance in gender dysphoria, suggesting heritable mechanisms, while acknowledging the role of environmental and epigenetic factors. The twins' consistent gender identity development supports the strong association between genetic susceptibility and gender identity.
855 citations
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June 2009 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.
6 citations
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April 2019 in “Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America” Testosterone therapy for transmasculine individuals is generally safe with medical supervision, improves mental health, and has mixed effects on physical health.
28 citations
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October 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology” Testosterone therapy seems safe and effective for transgender men with proper care, but more long-term research is needed.
21 citations
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November 2014 in “Journal of Endocrinological Investigation” Cross-sex hormone therapy is important for managing gender dysphoria and requires careful monitoring and healthcare provider education.
50 citations
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May 2020 in “Journal of Clinical Medicine” Non-binary transgender individuals need personalized hormonal treatments for better well-being and quality of life.
