Nanocarrier-Based Delivery of Minoxidil: Current Perspectives and Future Directions in Alopecia Therapy

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common genetic condition affecting the scalp, caused by the conversion of testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by the enzyme 5-Alpha Reductase, leading to hair follicle shrinkage. Current FDA-approved treatments, finasteride and minoxidil, have limitations, prompting research into nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems like liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and transferosomes. These systems offer improved drug stability, targeted delivery, and sustained release while minimizing systemic exposure. Innovations such as antioxidant formulations and spironolactone-loaded nanoparticles aim to reduce oxidative stress and block androgen receptors. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, challenges remain in clinical translation, including the need for reliable trials, funding, and regulatory approval. The review highlights the importance of clinical validation and scalable production to harness nanotechnology's potential for AGA treatment.