Near-Infrared and Red-Light Photobiomodulation for Ocular Aging and Diseases: A Narrative Review

Near-infrared and red-light photobiomodulation (PBM) is being explored as a non-invasive treatment for ocular diseases due to its potential to address mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation associated with ocular aging. This review highlights the biological rationale for PBM, focusing on mechanisms like cytochrome c oxidase signaling and anti-inflammatory effects. While there is promising evidence, particularly for dry age-related macular degeneration and dry eye disease, the clinical evidence is inconsistent due to variability in devices, wavelengths, and protocols. Current studies show favorable short-term tolerability, but long-term safety and efficacy in routine practice are not well-defined. More rigorous, standardized trials are needed to establish PBM as a reliable therapy for ocular conditions.