Polymer and Lipid-Based Nanostructures for Wound Healing with Barrier-Resolved Design

Polymer- and lipid-based nanostructures present significant advancements in wound healing by enhancing antimicrobial activity, promoting angiogenesis, and modulating inflammation. These nanostructures, including chitosan–PLGA nanoparticles and lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, demonstrate superior bacterial clearance and cytokine reduction compared to traditional dressings, while maintaining fibroblast viability and effectively targeting pathogens like S. aureus and E. coli. They facilitate the delivery of growth factors, promoting endothelial cell proliferation and neovascularization, crucial for tissue regeneration. Despite their promise, challenges such as mechanical fragility, instability in enzyme-rich environments, and the need for precise control over growth factor release remain. Future research should focus on developing hybrid nanostructures that integrate smart technologies for personalized care, ensuring sustainability and environmental responsibility. Overall, these nanostructures significantly enhance wound healing processes, particularly in chronic and diabetic wounds, by improving tissue recovery and vascularization.