Precision medicine strategies for spinal degenerative diseases: Injectable biomaterials with in situ repair and regeneration

The document reviewed the status and progress of injectable biomaterials, such as hydrogels, bone cements, scaffolds, microspheres, and nanomaterials, for treating spinal degenerative diseases. These materials were highlighted for their minimally invasive nature and potential for precise repair of spinal defects. Despite the promise shown by various injectable biomaterials, the precise design and functional control for effective treatment remained challenging. The review also summarized registered clinical trials and discussed the key challenges and prospects for clinical translation of these materials in treating spinal degeneration.