Reshaped commensal wound microbiome via topical application of <i>Calvatia gigantea</i> extract contributes to faster diabetic wound healing

The study investigated the effects of Calvatia gigantea extract (CGE) on diabetic wound healing using a mouse model. Results showed that CGE significantly accelerated wound healing, improved re-epithelialization, and reduced inflammation by downregulating inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, CGE positively influenced the wound microbiome by increasing microbial diversity and enriching Escherichia–Shigella bacteria. The findings suggest that CGE enhances diabetic wound healing by modulating the wound microbiome and promoting macrophage polarization, highlighting the potential of using medicinal plants for diabetic wound treatment.