Review article: An overview of exosomes in biology and their potential applications in regenerative medicine

Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles ranging from 40 to 150 nm, play a significant role in intercellular communication and have potential applications in regenerative medicine. They are secreted by various cell types and contain proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and glycoconjugates. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are a primary focus in regenerative medicine due to their ability to produce exosomes that facilitate tissue regeneration by delivering active biomolecules to damaged cells and tissues. MSC-derived exosomes are involved in immunomodulation and tissue repair, producing anti-inflammatory and healing signals essential for regeneration. This review highlights the mechanisms and therapeutic applications of MSC-exosomes in clinical settings, emphasizing their potential in treating various ailments and disorders.