Skin Organoids for Disease Modeling, Drug Screening, and Regenerative Medicine: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Skin organoids, as 3D multicellular systems, are advancing research by replicating functional phenotypes, but challenges remain in vascularisation, neurogenesis, and immune integration. This review highlights recent progress in constructing skin components and their functions, such as hair growth and sensation, and discusses culture techniques influencing tissue maturation. It compares cell types used in organoid development and notes their application in modeling diseases and drug testing. Key challenges include improving vascularisation, sensory function, and immune integration, as well as ensuring consistency and scalability. A proposed validation pathway and optimisations using multi-omics and AI aim to enhance clinical translation.