The Review on Alopecia Areata: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Clinical Pattern and Remedies

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder resulting in non-scarring hair loss, typically presenting as sudden, patchy baldness on the scalp and other hair-bearing areas. It is caused by an immunological attack on hair follicles, often in genetically predisposed individuals, and can occur at any age, affecting males and females equally, though it is most common in childhood or early adulthood. The condition ranges from localized patches (alopecia areata) to complete scalp or body hair loss (alopecia totalis). Its pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of immunological dysregulation, environmental stressors, and genetic susceptibility, with T-cell-mediated inflammation playing a significant role.