The Review on Alopecia Areata: A Comprehensive Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Clinical Pattern and Remedies

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder resulting in non-scarring hair loss, often presenting as sudden, patchy baldness on the scalp and other hair-bearing areas. It is caused by an immunological attack on hair follicles, primarily affecting individuals with a genetic predisposition. The condition can occur at any age and affects both males and females equally, though it is most common in childhood or early adulthood. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of immunological dysregulation, environmental factors, and genetic susceptibility, with T-cell-mediated inflammation playing a significant role. Alopecia totalis refers to complete hair loss on the scalp or body.