Three-Dimensional Bioprinting: A Comprehensive Review for Applications in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Three-dimensional bioprinting has significantly advanced over the past five years, offering transformative potential in reconstructive and regenerative medicine by enabling the creation of complex, customized, multi-tissue constructs that mimic natural tissue characteristics. Despite these advancements, challenges such as vascularization, integration with host tissue, and long-term viability of bioprinted organs persist. The review concludes that while 3D bioprinting shows great promise for improving surgical practices and patient outcomes, continued research, development, and a clear regulatory framework are necessary to fully achieve its clinical potential.