Understanding host-graft crosstalk for predicting the outcome of stem cell transplantation

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) show potential for tissue regeneration, but their short-term transplantation outcomes are hindered by poor cell survival and disease-associated stress environments. The study highlights the need to understand MSC phenotypes and their environmental fluctuations, with in vivo cellular imaging being crucial for safety and efficacy studies. Challenges include translating preclinical imaging to clinical settings and addressing MSC engraftment variability. The research examined high glucose impacts on MSC survival in diabetic conditions, focusing on mitochondrial factors, suggesting that preserving these factors through genetic modification, biomaterials, and nanoparticles could improve outcomes. A holistic approach using large-scale data, computational modeling, and AI is recommended to better predict MSC-based therapy effects.