Using bioprinting and spheroid culture to create a skin model with sweat glands and hair follicles

The study established an in vitro skin model incorporating sweat glands (SGs) and hair follicles (HFs) using bioprinting and spheroid culture to explore their interaction during regeneration. The model successfully induced simultaneous regeneration of SGs and HFs, revealing that HF spheroids enhanced differentiation of both SGs and HFs, while SG scaffolds primarily promoted SG differentiation. Microenvironmental factors, such as plantar dermis homogenate, consistently promoted the genesis of SGs and HFs in HF spheroids, regardless of the seed cell type. This model provided a platform for investigating SG and HF interactions and could aid in developing 3D skin constructs with multiple appendages.