September 2025 in “JID Innovations” Squaric acid dibutylester promotes hair growth by activating immune cells, especially macrophages.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Squaric acid dibutylester helps hair growth by increasing certain immune cells in the skin.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” CD206+ macrophages are crucial for hair growth in alopecia areata treatment.
235 citations
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January 2011 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation” Men with baldness due to androgenetic alopecia still have hair stem cells, but lack specific cells needed for hair growth.
12 citations
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April 2017 in “Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine” Patients with severe active alopecia areata have lower CD200 expression and an imbalance in their immune system.