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The levonorgestrel implant increases free testosterone and lowers SHBG more than DMPA-IM and the copper IUD.

Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.

To improve use of the contraceptive DMPA among adolescents, effectively manage side effects like menstrual changes and weight gain through counseling and guidance.

Hormonal contraceptives are effective for teens but require careful consideration of side effects and individual health.

Hormonal male contraception is effective and could be market-ready, but more research is needed to ensure safety for all ethnic groups.