5 citations
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January 1994 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” Minoxidil absorption in skin is slowed by cleansing, depends on how long it stays on the skin, and is not much affected by reapplication.
12 citations
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March 2012 in “ATLA. Alternatives to laboratory animals” Hair follicles significantly affect the skin absorption of some drugs.
15 citations
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April 2021 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Smaller mesoporous nanoparticles can improve the effectiveness of topical drugs by penetrating skin furrows.
8 citations
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June 2019 in “Pharmaceutical research” Applying heat with certain chemicals can greatly improve how well isotretinoin gets into the skin through hair follicles.
82 citations
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May 2009 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” Caffeine penetrates human skin in lab tests similarly to real-life conditions, but actual skin use is still essential for accurate results.