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      research Cutaneous Manifestations of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Narrative Review

      January 2026 in “Journal of Biosciences and Medicines”
      Chronic kidney disease (CKD) often presents with various skin manifestations, including xerosis, pruritus, calciphylaxis, pigmentation disorders, nail changes, and hair-growth abnormalities, which are frequently underrecognized. These manifestations result from factors like epidermal barrier dysfunction, uremic toxin accumulation, systemic inflammation, and mineral-bone disorder. Effective management involves early recognition and a multimodal approach, including optimized dialysis, metabolic control, emollient therapy, photoprotection, phototherapy, neuromodulatory agents, and κ-opioid receptor modulators. Collaboration between nephrology and dermatology, along with the use of severity scales and standardized follow-up, can improve patient outcomes. There is a need for better cutaneous biomarkers and trials to evaluate treatment strategies.
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      2 citations , December 1997 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”
      The document concludes that doctors should monitor children's brain development when treating hemangiomas with interferon alfa and consider stopping the treatment if problems arise, while also exploring drugs that might counteract side effects.
      Adverse Effects of Opioid Analgesic Drugs

      research Adverse Effects of Opioid Analgesic Drugs

      183 citations , January 1987 in “British Journal of Anaesthesia”
      Opioid painkillers can cause many side effects, including breathing problems and addiction, but are generally considered safe when used properly.

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