January 1981 in “The Journal of Toxicological Sciences” Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate ointment caused reversible side effects like skin issues, weight gain, and organ changes in dogs.
35 citations
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August 2009 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Melanocytes might be targeted by the immune system in people with alopecia areata, but more research is needed.
30 citations
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August 1998 in “International Journal of Dermatology” Systemic corticosteroids don't prevent severe alopecia areata from spreading or relapsing.
January 2022 in “The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine” Higher IL-21 levels may help predict alopecia areata activity.
January 2023 in “International journal of dermatology, venereology and leprosy sciences” People with alopecia areata have different blood markers that suggest inflammation and immune system issues compared to healthy individuals.
15 citations
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May 2017 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” High-dose corticosteroids and methotrexate had a modest effect on severe childhood alopecia, but side effects and relapse were concerns.
19 citations
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December 2011 in “PubMed” Inflammation and immunity play a key role in androgenetic alopecia, with better treatment outcomes in certain immune-positive cases.
30 citations
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July 2019 in “PloS one” Patients with Alopecia areata have fewer specific immune cells that normally regulate the immune system, which may contribute to the condition.
September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Innate lymphoid cells type 1 may contribute to alopecia areata.
52 citations
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March 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Alopecia areata shows a unique type 1 interferon signature, suggesting potential treatment by targeting this pathway.
23 citations
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October 1958 in “PubMed” 6 citations
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May 2023 in “Dermatology Research and Practice” IL-15 and TNF-α levels are higher in alopecia areata patients, especially in alopecia totalis.
26 citations
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September 2009 in “Clinical genetics” Arab APS1 patients have unique and recurrent AIRE gene mutations.
1 citations
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January 2021 in “Journal of clinical and diagnostic research” Using Calcipotriol with Clobetasol is more effective for treating Alopecia Areata than using Clobetasol alone.
1 citations
,
December 2022 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology” The combination of vitamin D analogues with potent steroids is a favorable treatment for alopecia areata with fewer side effects.
1 citations
,
January 2022 in “The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine ” Cryotherapy and steroid injections are similarly effective and safe for treating alopecia areata.
July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Sex and race affect immune responses and treatment outcomes in Hidradenitis suppurativa.
October 2025 in “Science Advances” IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells is crucial for causing alopecia areata.
7 citations
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October 2024 in “Frontiers in Immunology” A humanized CXCL12 antibody may delay and treat alopecia areata by altering the immune response.
62 citations
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June 2015 in “The Journal of Dermatology” People with alopecia areata have more Th17 cells and fewer Treg cells, which may be key to the condition's development.
23 citations
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October 2005 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Two transplant patients on cyclosporine unexpectedly developed hair loss.
3 citations
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October 2022 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” CAR is a useful marker for assessing alopecia areata severity.
1 citations
,
November 2025 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology” Sequential immunotherapy can effectively treat alopecia areata by managing inflammation and promoting hair regrowth.
July 2021 in “The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine” Intralesional Triamcinolone acetonide injections are safe and effective for treating alopecia areata.
October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Unregulated glucocorticoid use can disrupt hormone balance and cause serious health issues.
1 citations
,
December 2020 in “Dermatology Archives” Systemic steroids temporarily improve severe alopecia areata in children but often lead to relapse.
2 citations
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October 2014 in “Orbit” Lacrimal gland inflammation and alopecia areata can happen together due to autoimmune issues.
48 citations
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August 1981 in “American Journal of Veterinary Research” Glucocorticoid use in dogs quickly causes liver changes and Cushing's syndrome symptoms.
13 citations
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December 2010 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology” A young man with an eating disorder had a life-threatening adrenal crisis due to an autoimmune condition, highlighting the need for better education on managing hormone treatments.
2 citations
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February 2009 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Injecting triamcinolone into the eyebrow area may help eyelash regrowth in alopecia areata patients.