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GlossaryAndrogen Pathway

process by which androgens influence cellular functions and characteristics

The androgen pathway involves the process by which androgens, a group of hormones like testosterone, interact with cells in the body. These hormones bind to androgen receptors, influencing various biological functions such as hair growth, muscle development, and the regulation of male characteristics. In the context of hair, this pathway can affect hair follicle health and is often linked to conditions like androgenetic alopecia (pattern baldness).

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research Cross-kingdom delivery and putative gene modulation of androgen pathways by plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles from polygoni multiflori radix promotes hair growth via miRNA cargo

November 2025 in “Pharmacological Research”

Plant-derived nanoparticles from Polygoni Multiflori Radix promote hair growth better than Minoxidil by affecting androgen pathways.

research 896 Androgens activate lipogenesis through an AKT-independent mTOR pathway stimulation and a limitation of autophagy in an androgen-sensitive sebocyte cell line

April 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increases oil production in skin cells by activating mTOR, and mTOR inhibitors can reduce this effect.

research Androgen biosynthetic pathways in the human prostate

160 citations , April 2008 in “Baillière's best practice and research in clinical endocrinology and metabolism/Baillière's best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism”

DHT in the human prostate is produced through multiple pathways, not just from testosterone.

Cross-Interactions of BMP and WNT Signaling Pathways Attenuate Androgen Effect on Hair Follicle Stem Cell Differentiation

research 592 Cross-interactions of BMP and WNT signaling pathways attenuate androgen effect on HFSC differentiation

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

BMPs are important for hair growth and can counteract the negative effects of androgens on hair follicle stem cells.

research Pharmacogenetics of the Androgen Metabolic Pathway

January 2010

research Androgen Signaling Regulates SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Levels and Is Associated with Severe COVID-19 Symptoms in Men

139 citations , December 2020 in “Cell Stem Cell”

Male hormones affect COVID-19 severity and certain drugs targeting these hormones could help reduce the risk.

research Revising the role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer

68 citations , April 2014 in “Journal of Molecular Endocrinology”

The document concludes that targeting the androgen receptor may be a promising breast cancer treatment, especially for certain types.

research Deciphering the Role of Androgen in the Dermatologic Manifestations of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients: A State-of-the-Art Review

10 citations , November 2024 in “Diagnostics”

High androgen levels cause skin issues in PCOS, affecting quality of life.

research COVID‐19, androgens, and androgenic alopecia

6 citations , December 2020 in “Dermatological reviews”

COVID-19 may worsen with androgens; anti-androgen drugs could help.

research Female pattern hair loss possibly caused by tamoxifen: Androgen receptor expression in the outer root sheath in the affected area

5 citations , August 2012 in “Journal of Dermatology”

Tamoxifen may cause female hair loss by increasing androgen receptor expression.

research Androgens and androgen receptor action in skin and hair follicles

100 citations , September 2017 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

Male hormones and their receptors play a key role in hair loss and skin health, with potential new treatments being explored.

research Defects in Androgen Biosynthesis Causing 46,XY Disorders of Sexual Development

46 citations , October 2012 in “Seminars in reproductive medicine”

Genetic defects in androgen production are linked to male developmental disorders and are improving treatment understanding.

Crosstalk Between Androgen and Wnt/β-Catenin Leads to Changes in Wool Density in FGF5-Knockout Sheep

research Crosstalk between androgen and Wnt/β-catenin leads to changes of wool density in FGF5-knockout sheep

23 citations , May 2020 in “Cell Death and Disease”

Blocking the FGF5 gene in sheep leads to more fine wool and active hair follicles due to changes in certain cell signaling pathways.

research Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome

October 2023 in “Frontiers in endocrinology”

Effective PCOS treatments require targeting specific signaling pathways.

research Roles of p38- and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated pathways in 2-methoxyestradiol-induced p53 induction and apoptosis

138 citations , April 2003 in “Carcinogenesis”

2-Methoxyestradiol causes cancer cell death by activating specific pathways, but androgens can block this effect.

Androgens Modify Wnt Agonists/Antagonists Expression Balance in Dermal Papilla Cells Preventing Hair Follicle Stem Cell Differentiation in Androgenetic Alopecia

research Androgens modify Wnt agonists/antagonists expression balance in dermal papilla cells preventing hair follicle stem cell differentiation in androgenetic alopecia

47 citations , October 2016 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology”

Androgens prevent hair growth by changing Wnt signals in cells.

research In Vitro Main Pathways of Steroid Action in Cultured Hair Follicle Cells: Vascular Approach

30 citations , December 1999 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings”

Steroids, particularly estrogens and 5α-reductase inhibitors, affect blood vessel-related hair growth processes in hair follicle cells.

research Prostaglandin D2-Mediated DP2 and AKT Signal Regulate the Activation of Androgen Receptors in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

18 citations , February 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

PGD2 increases androgen receptor activity in hair cells, which could be targeted to treat hair loss.

Cutaneous Lymphadenoma Is a Distinct Trichoblastoma-like Lymphoepithelial Tumor With Diffuse Androgen Receptor Immunoreactivity, Notch1 Ligand in Reed-Sternberg-like Cells, and Common EGFR Somatic Mutations

research Cutaneous Lymphadenoma Is a Distinct Trichoblastoma-like Lymphoepithelial Tumor With Diffuse Androgen Receptor Immunoreactivity, Notch1 Ligand in Reed-Sternberg–like Cells, and Common EGFR Somatic Mutations

4 citations , May 2021 in “The American Journal of Surgical Pathology”

Cutaneous Lymphadenoma is a unique skin tumor with specific protein markers and common gene mutations that may cause continuous cell growth.

research The AR/miR-221/IGF-1 pathway mediates the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia

2 citations , January 2023 in “International Journal of Biological Sciences”

A specific pathway involving AR, miR-221, and IGF-1 plays a key role in causing common hair loss.

research Ar/miR-221/IGF-1 Pathway Mediates the Pathogenesis of Androgenetic Alopecia

January 2022 in “Social Science Research Network”

The Ar/miR-221/IGF-1 pathway is involved in male pattern baldness, with miR-221 potentially being a new target for treatment.

research Regulatory pathways implicated in male androgenetic alopecia pathogenesis

November 2017 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Genes controlling hair growth and immune response are disrupted in male pattern baldness.

research Molecular basis of androgenetic alopecia: From androgen to paracrine mediators through dermal papilla

122 citations , November 2010 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Male pattern baldness involves hormones and cell signals affecting hair growth.

research Exercise activates the PI3K-AKT signal pathway by decreasing the expression of 5α-reductase type 1 in PCOS rats

28 citations , May 2018 in “Scientific reports”

Exercise improves insulin sensitivity and hormone regulation in PCOS rats.

research Targets to treat androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome

14 citations , September 2015 in “Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets”

The conclusion is that while oral contraceptive pills are effective for PCOS-related high androgen levels, new treatments with fewer side effects are needed.

research Transcriptome analysis to identify the downstream genes of androgen receptor in dermal papilla cells

1 citations , January 2022 in “BMC Genomic Data”

The study found that androgen receptors in skin cells mainly affect the focal adhesion pathway and control the caveolin-1 gene, with implications for new treatments for related diseases.

Neonatal Inhibition of Androgen Activity Alters the Programming of Body Weight and Orexinergic Peptides Differentially in Male and Female Rats

research NEONATAL INHIBITION OF ANDROGEN ACTIVITY ALTERS THE PROGRAMMING OF BODY WEIGHT AND OREXINERGIC PEPTIDES DIFFERENTIALLY IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS

February 2024 in “Brain research bulletin”

Blocking androgen activity in newborn rats affects body weight and appetite-related hormones differently in males and females.

research The Rise in Adrenal Androgen Biosynthesis: Adrenarche

173 citations , November 2004 in “Seminars in Reproductive Medicine”

Adrenarche increases adrenal androgens around age 6, affecting hair growth and development.

Hair Follicle Stem Cell Differentiation Is Inhibited Through Cross-Talk Between Wnt/β-Catenin and Androgen Signaling in Dermal Papilla Cells From Patients With Androgenetic Alopecia

research Hair follicle stem cell differentiation is inhibited through cross‐talk between Wnt/β‐catenin and androgen signalling in dermal papilla cells from patients with androgenetic alopecia

95 citations , January 2012 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Androgens block hair growth by disrupting cell signals; targeting GSK-3 may help treat hair loss.

research Pathways to inflammation: acne pathophysiology

68 citations , May 2011 in “European Journal of Dermatology”

Acne is caused by genetics, diet, hormones, and bacteria, with treatments not yet curative.