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GlossaryBulge Region

specific area in hair follicle housing stem cells

The bulge region is a specific area located in the outer root sheath of a hair follicle. It contains a reservoir of stem cells that are crucial for hair growth and regeneration. These stem cells can also contribute to the repair of the skin and other tissues, making the bulge region essential for both hair health and overall skin maintenance.

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Cells Within the Bulge Region of Mouse Hair Follicle Transiently Proliferate During Early Anagen: Heterogeneity and Functional Differences of Various Hair Cycles

research Cells within the bulge region of mouse hair follicle transiently proliferate during early anagen: heterogeneity and functional differences of various hair cycles

130 citations , January 1994 in “Differentiation”

Mouse hair follicle cells briefly grow during the early hair growth phase, showing that these cells are important for starting the hair cycle.

Involvement of the Bulge Region with Decreased Expression of Hair Follicle Stem Cell Markers in Senile Female Cases of Alopecia Areata

research Involvement of the bulge region with decreased expression of hair follicle stem cell markers in senile female cases of alopecia areata

20 citations , December 2010 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Decreased CD200 in hair follicles may cause immune issues in some alopecia areata cases.

$Human Keratinocytes Derived from the Bulge Region of Hair Follicles Are Refractory to Differentiation$

research Human keratinocytes derived from the bulge region of hair follicles are refractory to differentiation

8 citations , April 2009 in “International journal of oncology”

Hair follicle cells resist turning into skin cells.

research In vitro identification of a stem cell population from canine hair follicle bulge region

5 citations , December 2017 in “Tissue and cell/Tissue & cell”

Researchers found stem cells in dog hair follicles using specific markers.

research The effect of proteolytic enzymes on hair follicles of transgenic mice expressing the lac Z‐protein in cells of the bulge region

5 citations , July 1999 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Proteolytic enzymes damage hair follicles by detaching stem cells.

research The effect of proteolytic enzymes on hair follicles of transgenic mice expressing the lac Z-protein in cells of the bulge region

2 citations , July 1999 in “JEADV. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology/Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Proteolytic enzymes damaged hair follicle stem cells in transgenic mice.

research Isolation, Cultivation, and Morphological Characteristics of Hair Follicle Adult Stem Cells in the Bulge Region in Mouse and Human

1 citations , January 2020 in “Microscopy research”

Researchers successfully grew hair follicle stem cells from mice and humans, which could be useful for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Immune Response Involving the Bulge Region in Addition to Telogen Conversion Contributes to Hair Loss in a Case of Atypical Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome

research Immune response involving the bulge region in addition to telogen conversion contributes to hair loss in a case of atypical drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome

1 citations , October 2013 in “The Journal of Dermatology”

Hair loss in a drug reaction case involved both a common shedding phase and an immune attack on hair follicle stem cells.

research Abstract 4300: Constitutive activation of Stat3 increases hair follicle progenitor population at the expense of bulge region keratinocyte stem cells

April 2010 in “Cancer Research”

Stat3 activation increases hair follicle progenitors but reduces bulge region stem cells.

research Basal cell carcinoma possibly originates from the outer root sheath and/or the bulge region of the vellus hair follicle

107 citations , May 1999 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Basal cell carcinoma may start from parts of tiny hair follicles.

The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region and Hair Bulb Area in Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

research The Contributory Roles of Th17 Lymphocyte and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte at the Hair Bulge Region as Well as the Hair Bulb Area in the Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients

18 citations , January 2017 in “Annals of dermatology/Annals of Dermatology”

Certain immune cells contribute to severe hair loss in chronic alopecia areata, with Th17 cells possibly having a bigger impact than cytotoxic T cells.

research Autofluorescence in the Stem Cell Region of the Hair Follicle Bulge

17 citations , March 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Autofluorescence in hair follicle stem cells can interfere with studies but may help isolate these cells.

research 083 More Expression of IL-17 than IFN-γ from CD49a-negative Tissue-Resident Memory T (Trm) cells at the Hair Bulge and Hair Bulb Region in the Scalp of Chronic Alopecia Areata Patients according to the Foxp3+mTregs depletion

September 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

IL-17 and certain immune cells are linked to more severe alopecia areata.

research Differential expression of stem cell markers in human follicular bulge and interfollicular epidermal compartments

28 citations , March 2010 in “Histochemistry and Cell Biology”

Different markers are found in stem cells of the scalp's hair follicle bulge and the surrounding skin.

Advances in the Study of Stem-Cell-Enriched Hair Follicle Bulge Cells: A Review Featuring Characterization and Isolation of Human Bulge Cells

research Advances in the Study of Stem-Cell-Enriched Hair Follicle Bulge Cells: A Review Featuring Characterization and Isolation of Human Bulge Cells

16 citations , January 2007 in “Dermatology”

Scientists have made progress in understanding hair follicle stem cells, identifying specific genes and markers, and suggesting their use in treating hair and skin conditions.

research Hairy Math: Addition of Wnt-3a to Multiply Bulge Cells

May 2015 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Wnt-3a helps grow more skin stem cells, which could lead to new hair loss treatments.

research Involvement of Follicular Stem Cells in Forming Not Only the Follicle but Also the Epidermis

1010 citations , August 2000 in “Cell”

Hair follicle stem cells can form both hair follicles and skin.

research Basal cell carcinomas in mice arise from hair follicle stem cells and multiple epithelial progenitor populations

178 citations , April 2011 in “Journal of Clinical Investigation”

Basal cell carcinomas in mice can start from hair follicle stem cells and other skin cell types, depending on signaling levels.

research Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Inhibits Hair Follicle Anagen Induction by Restricting Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cell Activation and Expansion

176 citations , September 2006 in “Stem Cells”

BMP signaling prevents hair growth by stopping stem cell activation.

research Hair follicle stem cells: Walking the maze

165 citations , June 2007 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

Hair follicle stem cells are key for hair and skin regeneration, can be reprogrammed, and have potential therapeutic uses, but also carry a risk of cancer.

research Hair Follicle Stem Cells

142 citations , June 2003 in “The journal of investigative dermatology. Symposium proceedings/The Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings”

Hair follicle stem cells can generate all hair cell types, skin, and sebaceous glands.

research Neural Potential of a Stem Cell Population in the Hair Follicle

80 citations , September 2007 in “Cell Cycle”

Stem cells in hair follicles can become various cell types, including neurons.

A Review: The Location, Molecular Characterization and Multipotency of Hair Follicle Epidermal Stem Cells

research A Review: The Location, Molecular Characterisation and Multipotency of Hair Follicle Epidermal Stem Cells

61 citations , November 2004 in “Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore”

Hair follicle stem cells are mainly in the bulge region and can help repair skin and form hair and glands, but more research is needed to fully understand them.

research Dynamic Signals for Hair Follicle Development and Regeneration

60 citations , July 2011 in “Stem Cells and Development”

Certain signals and genes play a key role in hair growth and regeneration, and understanding these could lead to new treatments for skin regeneration.

research Targeted Disruption of Stat3 Reveals a Major Role for Follicular Stem Cells in Skin Tumor Initiation

49 citations , October 2009 in “Cancer research”

Disrupting Stat3 in hair follicle stem cells greatly reduces skin tumor formation.

research Hair follicles, their disorders and their opportunities

48 citations , May 2008 in “Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms”

Hair follicles offer promising targets for delivering drugs to treat hair and skin conditions.

research Contrasting Localization of c-Myc with Other Myc Superfamily Transcription Factors in the Human Hair Follicle and During the Hair Growth Cycle

45 citations , April 2001 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Different Myc family proteins are located in various parts of the hair follicle and may affect stem cell behavior.

research Nonviral in Situ Green Fluorescent Protein Labeling and Culture of Primary, Adult Human Hair Follicle Epithelial Progenitor Cells

43 citations , September 2009 in “Stem Cells”

A nonviral method was developed to label and culture human hair follicle stem cells.

research CD34 defines melanocyte stem cell subpopulations with distinct regenerative properties

41 citations , April 2019 in “PLOS genetics”

CD34+ and CD34- melanocyte stem cells have different regenerative abilities.

research Frontal fibrosing alopecia shows robust T helper 1 and Janus kinase 3 skewing

34 citations , June 2020 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Frontal fibrosing alopecia is linked to increased immune system activity and reduced stem cells, suggesting early treatment targeting this pathway might prevent hair follicle damage.