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GlossaryCortical Cells

specialized hair cells providing strength, color, and texture

Cortical cells are specialized cells found in the cortex of the hair shaft, which is the thickest layer of the hair. These cells are responsible for providing strength, color, and texture to the hair by containing keratin and melanin. For professionals, understanding the structure and function of cortical cells is crucial for diagnosing and treating hair disorders such as alopecia.

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Acidic and Basic Hair/Nail (Hard) Keratins: Their Colocalization in Upper Cortical and Cuticle Cells of the Human Hair Follicle and Their Relationship to Soft Keratins

research Acidic and basic hair/nail ("hard") keratins: their colocalization in upper cortical and cuticle cells of the human hair follicle and their relationship to "soft" keratins.

356 citations , December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology”

Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.

research Cortical cell types and intermediate filament arrangements correlate with fiber curvature in Japanese human hair

62 citations , December 2008 in “Journal of structural biology”

Hair curvature in Japanese people is linked to specific cell types and filament arrangements in the hair cortex.

research Upcycling waste hair and feathers derived keratin into intact cortical cell-derived micro-units via periodate oxidation: Applications & life cycle assessment

February 2026 in “International Journal of Biological Macromolecules”

Keratin from waste hair and feathers can be sustainably used to create stable emulsions for industrial applications.

research Stiffness of Human Hair Correlates with the Fractions of Cortical Cell Types

4 citations , April 2019 in “Cosmetics”

Hair stiffness is higher when it has more para-like cortical cells.

research Prenatal transplantation of epidermal neural crest stem cells in malformation of cortical development mouse model

5 citations , December 2016 in “Microscopy Research and Technique”

EPI-NCSCs from hair follicles may help treat brain development issues in mice.

research Protein-phosphatase inhibitors block root hair growth and alter cortical cell shape of Arabidopsis roots

61 citations , December 1994 in “Planta”

research The cell membrane complex: Three related but different cellular cohesion components of mammalian hair fibers

15 citations , May 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science”

The cell membrane complex in mammalian hair has three distinct types with different structures and chemical properties.

research Mechanism research of yak hair stretching slenderization based on the changes of conformation and cell shape

January 2009

Yak hair stretches mainly due to macromolecules slipping past each other.

research In vitro Growth and Differentiation of Epithelial Cells derived from Post-embryonic Hair Follicles

7 citations , February 1982 in “Australian Journal of Biological Sciences”

Epithelial cells from young rat hair follicles grow and form aggregates in culture, but don't produce hair keratin proteins.

Differential Expression Levels of Sox9 in Early Neocortical Radial Glial Cells Regulate the Decision Between Stem Cell Maintenance and Differentiation

research Differential expression levels of Sox9 in early neocortical radial glial cells regulate the decision between stem cell maintenance and differentiation

1 citations , December 2020 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Sox9 levels in brain stem cells affect whether they stay as stem cells or become neurons.

Angelica Sinensis Promotes Cortical Regeneration Of The Thymus In Mice With Acute Thymic Involution Induced By Short-Term Rapamycin Treatment

research Angelica sinensis promotes cortical regeneration of the thymus in mice with acute thymic involution induced by short-term rapamycin treatment

March 2026 in “Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)”

Angelica sinensis helps repair and regenerate the thymus in mice.

research Gene Expression of Mouse S100A3, a Cysteine-Rich Calcium-Binding Protein, in Developing Hair Follicle

40 citations , November 1998 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

S100A3 protein is crucial for hair shaft formation in mice.

research Monilethrix: an ultrastructural study

34 citations , December 1984 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Monilethrix hair issues are due to problems in the hair's internodes.

research Fractography of human hair

34 citations , October 1982 in “Journal of applied polymer science”

Moisture content significantly affects how human hair breaks.

research Distinguishing Mouse Strains by Proteomic Analysis of Pelage Hair

34 citations , March 2009 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Proteomic analysis can identify genetic differences in mouse hair, helping understand hair defects and variations.

research Cosmetic assessment of the human hair by confocal microscopy

25 citations , March 2002 in “Scanning”

Confocal microscopy is better than scanning electron microscopy for studying hair in its natural state and understanding hair products' effects.

research Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Hair Follicle–Specific Gene, Hacl-1

25 citations , May 1994 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Researchers found a new gene, hacl-1, that is active in mouse hair follicles during hair growth and may be important for hair biology.

research Isolation and Characterization of Mouse High-glycine/Tyrosine Proteins

24 citations , November 1997 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Mouse high-glycine/tyrosine proteins have distinct patterns in hair follicles, peaking at specific hair cycle days.

research The structure of hair and follicles of mice carrying the naked (N) gene

21 citations , April 1982 in “Genetics Research”

Mice with the naked gene have missing or abnormal hair cells.

research Bubble hair

16 citations , October 1992 in “Journal of cutaneous pathology”

Bubble hair deformity may be caused by hair shaft trauma and can improve with gentle hair care.

research Expression pattern of human hair keratin basic 1 (hHbl) in hair follicle and pilomatricoma

8 citations , April 1997 in “Experimental Dermatology”

hHbl gene is active in hair shaft cells and some pilomatricomas.

Ultrastructural Immunolocalization of Involucrin in the Medulla and Inner Root Sheath of Human Hair

research Ultrastructural immunolocalization of involucrin in the medulla and inner root sheath of the human hair

7 citations , December 2011 in “Annals of anatomy”

Involucrin helps strengthen the inner parts of human hair.

research Transforming growth factor-alpha immunoreactivity during induced hair follicle growth cycles in sheep and ferrets.

6 citations , April 1996 in “Journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry/The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry”

TGF-alpha is present in sheep and ferret skin and may affect hair growth without directly stimulating cell proliferation.

Characterization of Nonkeratinous Proteins Extracted from Human Hair by Permanent Wave Lotion

research Characterization of nonkeratinous proteins extracted from human hair by permanet wave lotion.

5 citations , January 1990 in “Journal of Society of Cosmetic Chemists of Japan”

Permanent wave lotion can extract proteins from hair, especially when pH is higher, and repeated treatments or bleaching can damage hair.

research Morphology and Properties of Hair

3 citations , December 2018 in “Routledge eBooks”

Hair is made of strong keratin fibers that protect against the environment.

research The Secrets of Beautiful Hair: Why is it Flexible and Elastic?

2 citations , July 2019 in “Cosmetics”

Beautiful hair is flexible and elastic due to its unique double-layered structure and can be enhanced with succinic acid treatment.

research New aspects of the structure of human hair on the basis of optical microscopic observations of disassembled hair parts.

1 citations , August 2015 in “PubMed”

Human hair's strength comes from a honeycomb-like structure and macrofibrils.

research Ultrastructural Characteristics of Neonate Scalp Hair

July 2016 in “Indian journal of science and technology”

Neonate scalp hair is thinner, lacks a medulla, and has smaller follicles compared to adult hair.

research 2P546 Structural Analysis of Curly and Straight Human Hair Fibers by Scanning Microbeam SAXS(52. Bio-imaging,Poster Session,Abstract,Meeting Program of EABS & BSJ 2006)

January 2006 in “Seibutsu Butsuri”

Curly and straight hair differ in how their internal fibers are arranged.

research A function for Rac1 in the terminal differentiation and pigmentation of hair

11 citations , January 2012 in “Journal of cell science”

Rac1 is essential for proper hair structure and color.