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GlossaryCyclin-dependent kinase

enzyme that regulates cell cycle progression by partnering with cyclins

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating the cell cycle, which is the process cells go through to divide and replicate. They work by partnering with proteins called cyclins to control the progression of cells through different phases of the cell cycle, ensuring that cells divide at the right time and maintain proper function.

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Fatigue, Alopecia, and Stomatitis Among Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

research Fatigue, alopecia and stomatitis among patients with breast cancer receiving cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

28 citations , July 2017 in “Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy”

Breast cancer patients taking CDK4/6 inhibitors are more likely to experience fatigue, hair loss, and mouth sores.

research Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1, are expressed site- and hair cycle-dependently in rat hair follicles

9 citations , February 2001 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

p21waf1/cip1 and p27kip1 help in hair follicle differentiation in rats.

research Drug repurposing of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for neutrophilic acute respiratory distress syndrome and psoriasis

8 citations , July 2024 in “Journal of Advanced Research”

CDK inhibitors may help treat ARDS and psoriasis but need more testing for safety and effectiveness.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors and Dermatologic Adverse Events: Results from the EADV Task Force Dermatology for Cancer Patients International Study

research Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors and Dermatologic Adverse Events: Results from the EADV Task Force “Dermatology for Cancer Patients” International Study

1 citations , July 2023 in “Cancers”

Skin side effects from CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer patients are generally mild and treatable, allowing most patients to continue treatment.

research Cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 expression alters the number of keratinocyte stem cells in the mouse hair follicle

1 citations , January 2022 in “Cell Biology International”

Changing CDK4 levels affects the number of stem cells in mouse hair follicles.

research Abstract 3889: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 levels affect the number of hair follicle stem cells in mouse epidermis

April 2010 in “Cancer Research”

CDK4 levels affect the number of hair follicle stem cells in mice.

Genetic Alteration of Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit Expression Affects Calcium Currents and Beta-Endorphin Release in AtT-20 Clonal Pituitary Cells

research Genetic alteration of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase subunit expression affects calcium currents and beta-endorphin release in AtT-20 clonal pituitary cells.

August 1994 in “Molecular Endocrinology”

Changing protein kinase levels in pituitary cells affects calcium flow and beta-endorphin release.

research 085 Coordinate expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and high sulfur protein in human hair follicles

June 1996 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

research Effects of dihydrotestosterone on rat dermal papilla cells in vitro

19 citations , April 2015 in “European Journal of Pharmacology”

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) doesn't affect rat skin cell growth, but it does change cell cycle, protein levels, and other cell functions, potentially shortening hair growth cycle.

research Factors regulating quiescent stem cells: insights from the intestine and other self-renewing tissues

8 citations , December 2015 in “The Journal of Physiology”

The document concludes that stem cell inactivity is actively controlled and important for tissue repair and balance.

research The Effect of EGR1 on the Proliferation of Dermal Papilla Cells

5 citations , July 2022 in “Genes”

Increasing EGR1 levels makes hair root cells grow faster.

Novel Small Molecules Downregulate CDK1 Expression and Inhibit Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Its Distinct Tumor-Specific Cellular Landscape

research Novel small molecules downregulate CDK1 expression and inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by targeting its distinct tumor-specific cellular landscape

September 2025 in “Experimental & Molecular Medicine”

Small molecules KY19382 and KY19334 may help treat skin cancer by reducing CDK1 levels and blocking harmful cell signals.

research Understanding The Molecular Mechanisms Of Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence And Genome Plasticity

August 2013 in “eCommons (Cornell University)”

Runx1 and CDK inhibitors help keep hair follicle stem cells inactive, affecting their future roles.

The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

research The Critical Roles of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 3 (SGK3) in the Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Homeostasis

9 citations , April 2006 in “American Journal of Pathology”

SGK3 is essential for proper hair growth and health.

P21Waf1/Cip1 Is Differentially Expressed in Epidermal Versus Follicular Melanocytes and Melanoma Cells and Is Phenotypically Regulated by UVB-Mediated Apoptosis

research 1272 p21Waf1/Cip1 is differentially expressed in epidermal versus follicular melanocytes and melanoma cells and is phenotypically regulated by UVB-mediated apoptosis

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The protein p21 is more abundant in normal skin cells than in melanoma cells and may help protect against melanoma, with UVB light affecting its levels.

research BUZZ: an essential gene for postinitiation root hair growth and a mediator of root architecture in Brachypodium distachyon

July 2023 in “New phytologist”

The BUZZ gene is important for root hair growth and overall root structure in the plant Brachypodium distachyon.

research Akt2 and SGK3 are both determinants of postnatal hair follicle development

24 citations , May 2009 in “The FASEB Journal”

Akt2 and SGK3 are both important for normal hair growth and development.

research Overcoming the Low Bioavailability of Apigenin: The Therapeutic Efficacy for Androgenetic Alopecia Through Topical Administration

November 2025 in “Food Science & Nutrition”

Apigenin may effectively promote hair growth for androgenetic alopecia when applied topically.

research Keratin 17 modulates hair follicle cycling in a TNFα-dependent fashion

169 citations , May 2006 in “Genes & Development”

Keratin 17 is crucial for normal hair growth by regulating hair cycle transitions with TNFα.

research Nuclear Factor I-C Regulates TGF-β-dependent Hair Follicle Cycling*

25 citations , August 2010 in “Journal of Biological Chemistry”

Nuclear Factor I-C is important for controlling hair growth by affecting the TGF-β1 pathway.

research Cell Density-Dependent Upregulation of PDCD4 in Keratinocytes and Its Implications for Epidermal Homeostasis and Repair

10 citations , December 2015 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

PDCD4 is important for controlling skin cell growth and healing.

research Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt-Dependent and -Independent Protection Against Apoptosis in Normal Human Melanocytes

16 citations , October 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Normal human melanocytes can avoid cell death through multiple pathways.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways

research Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Promotes the Growth of Mink Hair Follicles Through Sonic Hedgehog and Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathways

14 citations , June 2018 in “Frontiers in pharmacology”

Green tea compound EGCG helps mink hair follicles grow by affecting certain cell growth pathways.

XMU-MP-1 Induces Growth Arrest in a Model Human Mini-Organ and Antagonizes Cell Cycle-Dependent Paclitaxel Cytotoxicity

research XMU-MP-1 induces growth arrest in a model human mini-organ and antagonises cell cycle-dependent paclitaxel cytotoxicity

4 citations , September 2020 in “Cell division”

XMU-MP-1 stops cell growth in a human mini-organ and reduces the effectiveness of the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel.

research Lysocellin, a metabolite of the novel drug ‘alopestatin’, induces G1 arrest and prevents cytotoxicity induced by etoposide

1 citations , April 2006 in “International Journal of Oncology”

Lysocellin helps stop cell damage from etoposide and may prevent hair loss.

research Wedelolactone, a medicinal plant-derived coumestan, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via downregulation of PKCε without inhibiting Akt

83 citations , October 2012 in “International Journal of Oncology”

Wedelolactone selectively kills prostate cancer cells without harming normal cells.