53 citations
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March 2006 in “Biopolymers” TTD hair is brittle due to fewer sulfur amino acids and unstable disulfide bonds.
4 citations
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January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Hair and wool strength is affected by the number and type of bonds in their protein structures, with hair having more protein aggregates than wool.
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January 2013 in “PubMed” Permanent wave treatment with thioglycolic acid changes hair structure by altering disulfide bonds.
18 citations
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January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Thioglycolic acid and L-cysteine change hair structure differently during perms, affecting hair strength and curling efficiency.
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November 2014 in “Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics” Cysteines in wool fibers are accessible and form important disulfide bonds.
2 citations
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January 2015 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” Washing permed hair after using thioglycolic acid helps reform strong bonds, making hair stronger.
April 2025 in “Pharmaceuticals” APA is a promising new compound for repairing damaged hair, outperforming Olaplex® in strength and elasticity.
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October 1988 in “Clinics in Dermatology” The molecular details of hair growth are not well understood.
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July 1935 in “Nature” Animal hair can curl tightly on its own, especially in foxes, due to changes in keratin.
Hydrophobic modifications make human hair less affected by water.
35 citations
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February 2006 in “Textile Research Journal” Enzymes xylanase and pectinase clean wool and specialty hair fibers effectively without damage, offering an eco-friendly alternative to soap and hot water.
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January 1992 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” The Cell Membrane Complex in hair has both water-attracting and water-repelling layers.
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January 2006 in “Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association” Oxidizing agents break down keratin in wool and hair, causing swelling and increased solubility.
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September 2021 in “Journal of Applied Polymer Science” Cuttlefish ink melanin protects hair from UV damage.
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September 2018 in “Journal of Structural Biology” Oxidized trichocyte keratin has a helical dislocation in its structure.
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March 2023 in “Journal of Natural Fibers” A gentler, less damaging method for curling hair using tyrosine works well initially but fades after washing.
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January 2011 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics” Infrared and Raman imaging can non-destructively analyze hair structure and help diagnose hair conditions.
51 citations
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September 2012 in “Biomacromolecules” Disulfide bonds make keratin in hair stronger and tougher.
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January 2014 in “Journal of Dermatological Science” Krtap11-1 is important for hair strength and structure.
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April 1955 in “Textile Research Journal” The effectiveness of reducing agents on hair fibers depends on their electrode potentials.
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April 2005 in “Journal of dermatological science” The study found nine new hair protein genes in human hair follicles.
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May 2006 in “Journal of Structural Biology” Keratin-associated proteins help link filaments and affect keratin's strength.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa has genetic links, with certain gene mutations more common in patients and a third of cases having a family history.
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May 2017 in “IUBMB life” Astrotactin proteins are important for brain and skin development and are linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders.
43 citations
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July 1994 in “Journal of Cell Science” Cross-linked proteins help maintain the structure of hair, feathers, and hagfish teeth.
28 citations
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December 2011 in “Biocatalysis and biotransformation” PDI helps restore over-bleached hair's strength and structure by attaching special peptides.
March 2010 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Disulfide bonds affect the melting behavior of hair's crystalline structure, but hair retains some stability even after these bonds are broken.
3 citations
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May 2024 in “Amino Acids” Disrupted cysteine metabolism may cause hair breakage in Alopecia Areata, suggesting potential treatments like N-acetylcysteine.
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January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology” Hair keratins evolved from ancient proteins, diversifying through gene changes, crucial for forming claws and later hair in mammals.
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January 2020 in “Elsevier eBooks” Natural polymers can protect, repair, and promote hair regrowth.