34 citations
,
September 2007 in “Experimental Dermatology” The outer layer of Merino wool is rich in sulfur proteins, making it resistant to damage.
75 citations
,
November 1965 in “Textile research journal” Papain and bisulfite break down human hair by dissolving parts of it.
40 citations
,
April 1999 in “Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry” S100A3 protein is mainly found in specific parts of human hair cells.
30 citations
,
April 2009 in “Mycoses” Microsporum gypseum fungus breaks down keratin in hair by digesting it enzymatically, starting with less keratinized parts.
28 citations
,
July 1980 in “British Journal of Dermatology” The hair disorder was caused by abnormal protein formation, making hair easily damaged.
27 citations
,
May 2019 in “Cosmetics” The hair cuticle is made of tough proteins that protect the hair, but more research is needed to fully understand its structure.
20 citations
,
January 2015 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology” Older people's hair cuticles get more easily damaged and lose protective oils, especially in their 40s and 50s.
15 citations
,
October 2004 in “Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces” Holes in mature hair are likely caused by the removal of substances during hair care.
11 citations
,
January 2000 in “Journal of cosmetic science” Hydrolyzed wheat proteins penetrate all hair types effectively.
10 citations
,
December 2001 in “PubMed” The conclusion is that substances can penetrate hair fibers through multiple pathways, including both the cell membrane complex and the non-keratinous parts.
10 citations
,
January 2010 in “International journal of trichology” Keratin-associated proteins are part of the developing hair fiber cuticle.
9 citations
,
February 2016 in “Anatomical Science International” Hair proteins change location and structure as hair cells mature.
7 citations
,
November 2004 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Hair breaks differently when wet or dry and is affected by its condition and treatments like perms and bleaching.
6 citations
,
December 2018 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” CARB is a strong barrier in human hair that prevents dye penetration.
3 citations
,
January 1998 in “ACTA HISTOCHEMICA ET CYTOCHEMICA” Hair keratins are mainly on macrofibrils in the cortex and in the endocuticle in the cuticle.
July 2016 in “Indian journal of science and technology” Neonate scalp hair is thinner, lacks a medulla, and has smaller follicles compared to adult hair.
August 1989 in “Proceedings ... annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America/Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America” The research provided a detailed view of the non-keratinous parts of human hair fibers.
Daily hair care may cause holes in hair fibers.
March 2026 in “Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials/Journal of mechanical behavior of biomedical materials” Hair cuticles remain stable and resilient under stress due to strong protein content and crosslinking.
30 citations
,
January 1994 in “Micron” Mature hair surfaces are formed by keratinized cells with developed layers, not just modified plasma membranes.
10 citations
,
January 1980 in “Ultrastructural pathology” Green hair has high copper levels due to contaminated water and damaged hair cuticles.
8 citations
,
January 2016 in “Journal of fiber science and technology” Bleaching hair increases cysteic acid levels in a predictable way.
May 2022 in “Experimental dermatology” Trichothiodystrophy hair is structurally abnormal with protein and organization issues.
January 2017 in “대한미용학회지” The cuticle layer in hair follicles thickens during keratinization due to incomplete cytosol loss.
February 2024 in “Medicina” AFM can diagnose hair disorders by revealing detailed hair surface changes.
17 citations
,
August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
10 citations
,
November 2016 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” A tough membrane between the outer and inner layers of human hair protects it from damage.
425 citations
,
August 2002 in “BioEssays” The cornified cell envelope forms a protective barrier in skin and hair, using specific proteins and lipids to maintain effectiveness.
33 citations
,
October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
8 citations
,
February 1968 in “Australian Journal of Zoology” The southern elephant seal's skin layer helps waterproof the skin by being tightly connected to hair shafts.