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GlossaryEpidermal Layers

multiple strata of cells forming the skin's outermost part

Epidermal layers refer to the multiple strata of cells that make up the outermost part of the skin, known as the epidermis. These layers include, from the deepest to the most superficial, the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum. Each layer has distinct functions, such as cell regeneration, protection against pathogens, and the formation of a barrier to prevent water loss.

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3D Printing of Skin Equivalents with Hair Follicle Structures and Epidermal-Papillary-Dermal Layers Using Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

research 3D Printing of Skin Equivalents with Hair Follicle Structures and Epidermal‐Papillary‐Dermal Layers Using Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

18 citations , July 2022 in “Chemistry - an Asian journal”

Scientists created a 3D printed skin that includes hair and layers similar to real skin using a special gel.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Tight Junction Network Across Multiple Layers of Human Epidermis by Array Tomography Using Backscattered Electron-Mode Scanning Electron Microscopy

research LB1081 Three-dimensional imaging of tight junction-network across multiple layers of human epidermis by array tomography using backscattered electron-mode scanning electron microscopy

August 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study found that tight junctions reach the top layer of the skin's stratum granulosum, not just the second top layer as previously thought.

research Trichohyalin: Presence in the Granular Layer and Stratum Corneum of Normal Human Epidermis

48 citations , May 1991 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Trichohyalin is also found in the outer layers of normal human skin.

research The Effect of Ruby Laser Light on Cellular Proliferation of Epidermal Cells

9 citations , November 1999 in “Annals of Plastic Surgery”

Ruby laser hair removal does not cause increased cell growth in the skin.

research Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cell Division Orientation in Epidermal Basal Layer Using Intravital Two-Photon Microscopy

31 citations , September 2016 in “PLoS ONE”

Cell division orientation varies by body site and is linked to epidermal thickness and cell density.

Analysis of Epidermal Protection Using Cold Air Versus Chilled Sapphire Window with Water or Gel During 810 nm Diode Laser Application

research Analysis of epidermal protection using cold air versus chilled sapphire window with water or gel during 810 nm diode laser application

15 citations , January 2003 in “Lasers in Surgery and Medicine”

Cold air and a chilled sapphire window both protect the skin during laser treatments, and work better with water or gel, especially for darker skin.

research BC02 (P80): A systematic review of laser treatment of verrucous epidermal naevi

July 2021 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Laser treatment for skin conditions VEN and ILVEN is effective and liked by patients.

research Long-term follow-up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension

177 citations , November 2002 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Transplantation is effective for stable leucoderma but not for progressive, widespread vitiligo vulgaris.

research Krt6a-Cre Transgenic Mice Direct LoxP-Mediated Recombination to the Companion Cell Layer of the Hair Follicle and Following Induction by Retinoic Acid to the Interfollicular Epidermis

10 citations , January 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Krt6a-Cre transgenic mice help study gene effects on hair follicle development and tumor suppression.

research Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratins in the epidermal layers of the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica), with remarks on the evolution of the integumental scale armour

28 citations , September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry”

Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.

research The regeneration of caudal epidermal specializations inLygodactylus picturatus keniensis (gekkonidae, Lacertilia)

26 citations , August 1971 in “Journal of Morphology”

Lizards can regrow their tail scales with the same structure, distribution, and gender-specific features as the original ones, and this unique ability is not seen in adult mammals.

research Concise Review: Wnt Signaling Pathways in Skin Development and Epidermal Stem Cells

105 citations , October 2017 in “Stem cells”

Wnt signaling is crucial for skin development and hair growth.

research BMP-FGF Signaling Axis Mediates Wnt-Induced Epidermal Stratification in Developing Mammalian Skin

84 citations , October 2014 in “PLoS Genetics”

Wnt signaling is essential for forming the skin's spinous layer through a BMP-FGF pathway.

research Animal Study of Skin Resurfacing Using the Ultrapulse Carbon Dioxide Laser

69 citations , August 1995 in “Annals of Plastic Surgery”

The ultrapulse carbon dioxide laser can effectively resurface skin without scarring.

research Eph/ephrin signaling in epidermal differentiation and disease

42 citations , October 2011 in “Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology”

Eph/ephrin signaling is important for skin cell behavior and could be targeted to treat skin diseases.

research The distributions of type IV collagen .ALPHA. chains in basement membranes of human epidermis and skin appendages

36 citations , January 2007 in “Archives of Histology and Cytology”

Type IV collagen chains vary in different parts of human skin, with specific patterns linked to melanocytes.

Immunolocalization of a Histidine-Rich Epidermal Differentiation Protein in the Chicken Supports the Hypothesis of an Evolutionary Developmental Link Between the Embryonic Subperiderm and Feather Barbs and Barbules

research Immunolocalization of a Histidine-Rich Epidermal Differentiation Protein in the Chicken Supports the Hypothesis of an Evolutionary Developmental Link between the Embryonic Subperiderm and Feather Barbs and Barbules

22 citations , December 2016 in “PloS one”

A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.

Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

research Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

12 citations , June 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

The PP2A-B55α protein is essential for brain and skin development in embryos.

research Thy1 marks a distinct population of slow-cycling stem cells in the mouse epidermis

7 citations , August 2022 in “Nature communications”

A specific group of slow-growing stem cells marked by Thy1 is crucial for skin maintenance and healing in mice.

research Hair follicle morphogenesis and epidermal homeostasis in we/we wal/wal mice with postnatal alopecia

7 citations , November 2014 in “Histochemistry and Cell Biology”

The we/we wal/wal mice have defects in hair growth and skin layer formation, causing hair loss, useful for understanding alopecia.

research Loss of ERBB2 and ERBB3 Receptors Impacts Epidermal Differentiation in Mice

July 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Losing both ERBB2 and ERBB3 receptors in mice causes significant skin problems and inflammation.

research The Effects of Multiple Power Densities of Carbon Dioxide Laser on Photothermal Damage in Rat Skin Tissue

May 2023 in “Current Applied Science and Technology”

Higher power CO2 laser causes more severe skin burns and damage.

research Basal cells in the epidermis and epidermal differentiation

June 2021 in “Research Square (Research Square)”

The exact identity of skin stem cells and how skin cells differentiate is not fully known.

research Expression of epidermal keratins and filaggrin during human fetal skin development.

292 citations , October 1985 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Keratins and filaggrin change as fetal skin develops, marking key stages of skin formation.

research Conditional Gene Expression in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Using the Tetracycline-Regulated Transactivators tTA and rTA Linked to the Keratin 5 Promoter

215 citations , November 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The system allows precise control of gene expression in mouse skin, useful for studying skin biology.