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GlossaryEpidermal Layers

multiple strata of cells forming the skin's outermost part

Epidermal layers refer to the multiple strata of cells that make up the outermost part of the skin, known as the epidermis. These layers include, from the deepest to the most superficial, the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum. Each layer has distinct functions, such as cell regeneration, protection against pathogens, and the formation of a barrier to prevent water loss.

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3D Printing of Skin Equivalents with Hair Follicle Structures and Epidermal-Papillary-Dermal Layers Using Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

research 3D Printing of Skin Equivalents with Hair Follicle Structures and Epidermal‐Papillary‐Dermal Layers Using Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

18 citations , July 2022 in “Chemistry - an Asian journal”

Scientists created a 3D printed skin that includes hair and layers similar to real skin using a special gel.

research Trichohyalin: Presence in the Granular Layer and Stratum Corneum of Normal Human Epidermis

48 citations , May 1991 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Trichohyalin is also found in the outer layers of normal human skin.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Tight Junction Network Across Multiple Layers of Human Epidermis by Array Tomography Using Backscattered Electron-Mode Scanning Electron Microscopy

research LB1081 Three-dimensional imaging of tight junction-network across multiple layers of human epidermis by array tomography using backscattered electron-mode scanning electron microscopy

August 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study found that tight junctions reach the top layer of the skin's stratum granulosum, not just the second top layer as previously thought.

research Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cell Division Orientation in Epidermal Basal Layer Using Intravital Two-Photon Microscopy

31 citations , September 2016 in “PLoS ONE”

Cell division orientation varies by body site and is linked to epidermal thickness and cell density.

research Mitigation of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced side effects utilizing melanin and vascular-specific lasers: A case report series

1 citations , May 2017 in “Journal of cosmetic and laser therapy”

Lasers can help reduce skin side effects from cancer treatment.

research Krt6a-Cre Transgenic Mice Direct LoxP-Mediated Recombination to the Companion Cell Layer of the Hair Follicle and Following Induction by Retinoic Acid to the Interfollicular Epidermis

10 citations , January 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Krt6a-Cre transgenic mice help study gene effects on hair follicle development and tumor suppression.

research Long-term follow-up of leucoderma patients treated with transplants of autologous cultured melanocytes, ultrathin epidermal sheets and basal cell layer suspension

177 citations , November 2002 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement”

Transplantation is effective for stable leucoderma but not for progressive, widespread vitiligo vulgaris.

research Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratins in the epidermal layers of the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica), with remarks on the evolution of the integumental scale armour

28 citations , September 2013 in “European Journal of Histochemistry”

Keratins in Malayan pangolins vary by region, suggesting scales evolved from the tail towards the head.

research Concise Review: Wnt Signaling Pathways in Skin Development and Epidermal Stem Cells

105 citations , October 2017 in “Stem cells”

Wnt signaling is crucial for skin development and hair growth.

research BMP-FGF Signaling Axis Mediates Wnt-Induced Epidermal Stratification in Developing Mammalian Skin

84 citations , October 2014 in “PLoS Genetics”

Wnt signaling is essential for forming the skin's spinous layer through a BMP-FGF pathway.

research Eph/ephrin signaling in epidermal differentiation and disease

42 citations , October 2011 in “Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology”

Eph/ephrin signaling is important for skin cell behavior and could be targeted to treat skin diseases.

research The distributions of type IV collagen .ALPHA. chains in basement membranes of human epidermis and skin appendages

36 citations , January 2007 in “Archives of Histology and Cytology”

Type IV collagen chains vary in different parts of human skin, with specific patterns linked to melanocytes.

Immunolocalization of a Histidine-Rich Epidermal Differentiation Protein in the Chicken Supports the Hypothesis of an Evolutionary Developmental Link Between the Embryonic Subperiderm and Feather Barbs and Barbules

research Immunolocalization of a Histidine-Rich Epidermal Differentiation Protein in the Chicken Supports the Hypothesis of an Evolutionary Developmental Link between the Embryonic Subperiderm and Feather Barbs and Barbules

22 citations , December 2016 in “PloS one”

A specific protein in chicken embryos links early skin layers to feather development.

Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

research Ppp2r2a Knockout Mice Reveal That Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory Subunit, PP2A-B55α, Is an Essential Regulator of Neuronal and Epidermal Embryonic Development

12 citations , June 2020 in “Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology”

The PP2A-B55α protein is essential for brain and skin development in embryos.

research Hair follicle morphogenesis and epidermal homeostasis in we/we wal/wal mice with postnatal alopecia

7 citations , November 2014 in “Histochemistry and Cell Biology”

The we/we wal/wal mice have defects in hair growth and skin layer formation, causing hair loss, useful for understanding alopecia.

research Thy1 marks a distinct population of slow-cycling stem cells in the mouse epidermis

7 citations , August 2022 in “Nature communications”

A specific group of slow-growing stem cells marked by Thy1 is crucial for skin maintenance and healing in mice.

research Investigating the role of notch ligands regulating epidermal stem cell differentiation

January 2025 in “eScholarship@McGill (McGill)”

Jag2 is essential for proper skin cell differentiation and organization.

research Expression of epidermal keratins and filaggrin during human fetal skin development.

292 citations , October 1985 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Keratins and filaggrin change as fetal skin develops, marking key stages of skin formation.

research Conditional Gene Expression in the Epidermis of Transgenic Mice Using the Tetracycline-Regulated Transactivators tTA and rTA Linked to the Keratin 5 Promoter

215 citations , November 2000 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The system allows precise control of gene expression in mouse skin, useful for studying skin biology.

research Aberrant expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in aural cholesteatoma

48 citations , March 1993 in “The Laryngoscope”

Cholesteatoma shows abnormal and increased EGF receptor expression, indicating its rapid growth.

research Novel approaches to characterize age‐related remodelling of the dermal‐epidermal junction in 2D, 3D and in vivo

30 citations , August 2016 in “Skin research and technology”

3D imaging shows clearer details of skin structure changes with age.

research Epidermal keratinocyte stem cells: their maintenance and regulation

25 citations , December 1992 in “Seminars in cell biology”

Skin stem cells are maintained by signals from nearby cells and vary in their ability to renew and mature.

research Analysis of epidermal entry in experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis infections in mice

20 citations , August 2005 in “The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine”

Mice with damaged skin or hair follicles are more susceptible to anthrax infection.

research Histomorphological and histochemical studies on the different layers of skin of Bakerwali goat

12 citations , October 2014 in “Journal of Applied Animal Research”

Bakerwali goat skin thickens with age, especially on the neck, and shows strong lipid reactions in the keratin layer.

research Expansion of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Sticking to Isolated Sebaceous Glands to Generate in Vivo Epidermal Structures

10 citations , June 2016 in “Cell Transplantation”

Sebaceous glands can help harvest hair follicle stem cells to regenerate skin and hair.

research Highly Upregulated Lhx2 in the Foxn1−/− Nude Mouse Phenotype Reflects a Dysregulated and Expanded Epidermal Stem Cell Niche

6 citations , May 2013 in “PloS one”

The Foxn1(-/-) nude mouse shows disrupted and expanded skin stem cell areas due to high Lhx2 levels.