Daily hair care may cause holes in hair fibers.
4 citations
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February 2007 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” The study suggests silicon might be important for healthy hair, as less silicon was found in people with hair loss.
33 citations
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October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
23 citations
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January 2023 in “Journal of Developmental Biology” Reptile skin protects and prevents water loss, helping them adapt to land.
425 citations
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August 2002 in “BioEssays” The cornified cell envelope forms a protective barrier in skin and hair, using specific proteins and lipids to maintain effectiveness.
3 citations
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September 2005 in “Experimental dermatology” The cornified envelope is crucial for skin's barrier function and involves key proteins and genetic factors.
8 citations
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February 1968 in “Australian Journal of Zoology” The southern elephant seal's skin layer helps waterproof the skin by being tightly connected to hair shafts.
44 citations
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March 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology” A wide range of proteins are integrated into the skin's protective layer.
20 citations
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December 2010 in “Journal of Morphology” Lizard claws have hair-like keratins similar to those in mammals.
44 citations
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May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
14 citations
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January 2009 in “Experimental Dermatology” Hair sheds gradually from the follicle, with readiness to shed indicated by less attachment material.
February 2022 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” Healthy skin prevents water loss and protects against threats.
64 citations
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April 1992 in “Differentiation” Sciellin is a protein that helps form protective layers in skin, hair, and nails.
59 citations
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August 1981 in “PubMed” Trichilemmal keratinization is a unique process in hair follicles where the outer root sheath turns into keratin without a specific layer.
17 citations
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August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
7 citations
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December 1970 in “Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure” 45 citations
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April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Cat claws stay sharp by shedding their outer layer through microcracks formed during activities.
11 citations
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January 1981 in “Cells Tissues Organs” Human hair cuticle has five cell layers with specific junctions and granules.
53 citations
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September 1999 in “Journal of Synchrotron Radiation” Keratinous tissues have multiple structural layers, including ordered keratin and lipid granules.
82 citations
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
December 2021 in “Journal of natural fibers” The conclusion is that new methods for isolating hair cuticle cells and removing the cuticle layer are effective and convenient.
67 citations
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December 1990 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology” Researchers found genes for cysteine-rich proteins that form the protective layer of hair in humans and sheep.
7 citations
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May 2024 in “Tissue Barriers” The skin's outer layer relies on lipids and proteins to protect against damage.
11 citations
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January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research” Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.
5 citations
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January 2022 in “Scientific reports” The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.
August 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” The study found that tight junctions reach the top layer of the skin's stratum granulosum, not just the second top layer as previously thought.
September 2017 in “Dermatologic Surgery” 36 citations
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January 1994 in “Cell and Tissue Research” Lysine carboxymethyl cysteinate (LCC) protects skin from UVB damage by activating autophagy.
61 citations
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February 1982 in “Cell and Tissue Research”