August 1989 in “Proceedings ... annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America/Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America” The research provided a detailed view of the non-keratinous parts of human hair fibers.
Daily hair care may cause holes in hair fibers.
4 citations
,
February 2007 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology” The study suggests silicon might be important for healthy hair, as less silicon was found in people with hair loss.
33 citations
,
October 2012 in “Journal of Morphology” Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
3 citations
,
September 2005 in “Experimental dermatology” The cornified envelope is crucial for skin's barrier function and involves key proteins and genetic factors.
23 citations
,
January 2023 in “Journal of Developmental Biology” Reptile skin protects and prevents water loss, helping them adapt to land.
8 citations
,
February 1968 in “Australian Journal of Zoology” The southern elephant seal's skin layer helps waterproof the skin by being tightly connected to hair shafts.
425 citations
,
August 2002 in “BioEssays” The cornified cell envelope forms a protective barrier in skin and hair, using specific proteins and lipids to maintain effectiveness.
44 citations
,
May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
44 citations
,
March 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology” A wide range of proteins are integrated into the skin's protective layer.
20 citations
,
December 2010 in “Journal of Morphology” Lizard claws have hair-like keratins similar to those in mammals.
February 2022 in “Cosmetic Dermatology” Healthy skin prevents water loss and protects against threats.
14 citations
,
January 2009 in “Experimental Dermatology” Hair sheds gradually from the follicle, with readiness to shed indicated by less attachment material.
17 citations
,
August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
64 citations
,
April 1992 in “Differentiation” Sciellin is a protein that helps form protective layers in skin, hair, and nails.
11 citations
,
January 1981 in “Cells Tissues Organs” Human hair cuticle has five cell layers with specific junctions and granules.
59 citations
,
August 1981 in “PubMed” Trichilemmal keratinization is a unique process in hair follicles where the outer root sheath turns into keratin without a specific layer.
11 citations
,
January 1977 in “Archives of dermatological research” Mouse tail skin has different keratinization near hair follicles and scales.
82 citations
,
January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
23 citations
,
January 1986 Involucrin is crucial for skin cell maturation and protection.
61 citations
,
February 1982 in “Cell and Tissue Research”
5 citations
,
January 2022 in “Scientific reports” The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.
8 citations
,
July 2004 in “Journal of morphology” Marsupial hair structure and keratin distribution are similar to placental mammals.
45 citations
,
April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Cat claws stay sharp by shedding their outer layer through microcracks formed during activities.
26 citations
,
August 2007 in “Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger” Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.
7 citations
,
May 2024 in “Tissue Barriers” The skin's outer layer relies on lipids and proteins to protect against damage.
36 citations
,
January 1994 in “Cell and Tissue Research” 43 citations
,
July 1994 in “Journal of Cell Science” Cross-linked proteins help maintain the structure of hair, feathers, and hagfish teeth.
53 citations
,
September 1999 in “Journal of Synchrotron Radiation” Keratinous tissues have multiple structural layers, including ordered keratin and lipid granules.
72 citations
,
December 2018 in “Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution” Corneous beta-proteins evolved uniquely in reptiles and birds, forming scales, claws, beaks, and feathers.