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GlossaryGlucocorticoid Receptor

regulates gene expression by binding to glucocorticoid hormones

The Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) is a type of protein found inside cells that binds to glucocorticoids, which are a class of steroid hormones. When these hormones bind to the receptor, it can influence the expression of specific genes, thereby regulating processes like inflammation, immune response, and metabolism. This receptor is crucial in medical treatments for conditions like asthma, autoimmune diseases, and even certain types of hair loss, such as alopecia areata.

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research Altered skin development and impaired proliferative and inflammatory responses in transgenic mice overexpressing the glucocorticoid receptor

92 citations , July 2001 in “The FASEB Journal”

Overexpressing the glucocorticoid receptor in mice leads to abnormal skin development and reduced inflammation.

A Novel Point Mutation in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Causing Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance: The Importance of the C Terminus in Conferring Transactivational Activity

research A Novel Point Mutation in the Ligand-Binding Domain (LBD) of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGR) Causing Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance: The Importance of the C Terminus of hGR LBD in Conferring Transactivational Activity

91 citations , May 2005 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

A new mutation in the human glucocorticoid receptor reduces its function and causes resistance to glucocorticoids.

research Expression of estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors in recent striae distensae

67 citations , December 2009 in “International Journal of Dermatology”

Hormonal changes in skin may cause stretch marks.

Recent Advances in the Molecular Mechanisms Determining Tissue Sensitivity to Glucocorticoids: Novel Mutations, Circadian Rhythm, and Ligand-Induced Repression of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor

research Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms determining tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids: novel mutations, circadian rhythm and ligand-induced repression of the human glucocorticoid receptor

62 citations , August 2014 in “BMC Endocrine Disorders”

New findings explain how genetic changes, body clocks, and certain molecules affect tissue response to stress hormones.

research Ectoderm-Targeted Overexpression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Induces Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia

46 citations , March 2005 in “Endocrinology”

Overexpression of the glucocorticoid receptor in mice causes developmental defects similar to ectodermal dysplasia.

research Effect of thioredoxin reductase 1 on glucocorticoid receptor activity in human outer root sheath cells

34 citations , March 2007 in “Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications”

Thioredoxin reductase 1 does not affect glucocorticoid receptor activity in hair follicle cells.

Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutants Demonstrate Increased Motility Inside the Nucleus of Living Cells: Time of Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching Is an Integrated Measure of Receptor Function

research Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutants Demonstrate Increased Motility Inside the Nucleus of Living Cells: Time of Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) Is an Integrated Measure of Receptor Function

31 citations , July 2004 in “Molecular Medicine”

Certain defective glucocorticoid receptor mutants move faster inside cell nuclei and work less effectively.

A Variant of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Is Not Associated with Adrenal Androgen Excess in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

research A variant of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is not associated with adrenal androgen excess in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

20 citations , December 2000 in “Fertility and Sterility”

The N363S gene variant does not cause higher adrenal androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

research Identification of novel glucocorticoid receptor-regulated genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle differentiation

19 citations , September 2007 in “The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology”

Glucocorticoid receptors help regulate genes important for skin health and hair growth.

research AKR1D1 regulates glucocorticoid availability and glucocorticoid receptor activation in human hepatoma cells

17 citations , February 2019 in “Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology/The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology”

AKR1D1 controls glucocorticoid levels and receptor activity in liver cells.

Megestrol Acetate Increases the Proliferation, Migration, and Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells via Glucocorticoid Receptor

research Megestrol Acetate Increases the Proliferation, Migration, and Adipogenic Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells via Glucocorticoid Receptor

11 citations , May 2015 in “Stem Cells Translational Medicine”

Megestrol acetate helps fat-derived stem cells grow, move, and turn into fat cells through a specific receptor.

research The myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor regulates dermal angiogenesis and inflammation in glucocorticoid‐induced impaired wound healing

9 citations , July 2022 in “British Journal of Pharmacology”

Blocking the mineralocorticoid receptor improves wound healing by reducing inflammation and promoting blood vessel growth.

research Dexamethasone, a Synthetic Glucocorticoid, Induces the Activity of Androgen Receptor in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

2 citations , January 2022 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology”

Dexamethasone increases the activity of androgen receptors in human skin cells, which may link it to certain types of hair loss.

research Why steroids may not always work in alopecia areata: elevated unoccupied glucocorticoid receptors and decreased levels of thioredoxin

2 citations , December 2001 in “Dermatologic Therapy”

Steroids may not work well for alopecia areata because of high unoccupied receptors and low thioredoxin levels.

Cedrol Mitigates Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Adipocyte Hypertrophy Induced by Corticosteroids Through the Inhibition of Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity

research Cedrol mitigates hepatic lipid accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy induced by corticosteroids through the inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor activity

December 2025 in “Scientific Reports”

Cedrol may help reduce liver fat and fat cell growth caused by corticosteroids.

research The Glucocorticoid Resistance Syndrome. Two Cases of a Novel Pathogenic Variant in the Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene

December 2023 in “JCEM case reports”

A new gene variant causes glucocorticoid resistance in a mother and son.

research Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Improves Glucose Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

December 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

Blocking glucocorticoid receptors improves glucose metabolism in a PCOS mouse model.

Supplementary Material for: Dexamethasone, a Synthetic Glucocorticoid, Induces the Activity of Androgen Receptor in Human Dermal Papilla Cells

research Supplementary Material for: Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, induces the activity of androgen receptor in human dermal papilla cells

January 2022 in “Figshare”

Dexamethasone increases androgen receptor activity in scalp cells, which might explain stress-related hair loss.

research Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance or Chrousos Syndrome: Allostasis Through a Mutated Glucocorticoid Receptor

December 2016 in “Springer eBooks”

Chrousos Syndrome is caused by mutations that make the body less sensitive to glucocorticoids, leading to various symptoms and requiring high-dose treatment.

Polymeric Micelle Mediated Follicular Delivery of Spironolactone: Targeting the Mineralocorticoid Receptor to Prevent Glucocorticoid-Induced Activation and Delayed Cutaneous Wound Healing

research Polymeric micelle mediated follicular delivery of spironolactone: Targeting the mineralocorticoid receptor to prevent glucocorticoid-induced activation and delayed cutaneous wound healing

9 citations , June 2021 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics”

Using polymeric micelles to deliver spironolactone topically could improve wound healing in skin affected by glucocorticoids.

research The Biological Actions of Dehydroepiandrosterone Involves Multiple Receptors

219 citations , January 2006 in “Drug Metabolism Reviews”

DHEA affects multiple receptors and may help with metabolic issues, but its safety and effectiveness in humans are unclear.

research The role of nuclear hormone receptors in cutaneous wound repair

68 citations , December 2014 in “Cell Biochemistry and Function”

Nuclear hormone receptors play a significant role in skin wound healing and could lead to better treatment methods.

research The Modulation of Aromatase and Estrogen Receptor Alpha in Cultured Human Dermal Papilla Cells by Dexamethasone: A Novel Mechanism for Selective Action of Estrogen via Estrogen Receptor Beta?

65 citations , May 2006 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Dexamethasone may influence hair growth by altering estrogen receptor activity in hair cells.

research Modulation of glucocorticoid action and the treatment of type-2 diabetes

54 citations , December 2007 in “Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism”

Targeting glucocorticoid action might help treat type-2 diabetes, but human trials are needed.

research Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance and Hypersensitivity

48 citations , January 2011 in “Hormone Research in Paediatrics”

The conclusion is that genetic changes in the glucocorticoid receptor can lead to conditions affecting stress response, immunity, and metabolism, requiring personalized treatment.

research Triclocarban, Triclosan, Bromochlorophene, Chlorophene, and Climbazole Effects on Nuclear Receptors: An in Silico and in Vitro Study

29 citations , October 2020 in “Environmental health perspectives”

Five preservatives may disrupt hormone function and need more health and environmental risk assessment.

research Non-canonical dimerization of the androgen receptor and other nuclear receptors: implications for human disease

25 citations , June 2019 in “Endocrine Related Cancer”

Mutations in certain receptors can cause diseases and offer new treatment options.

Epithelial Cells in the Hair Follicle Bulge Do Not Contribute to Epidermal Regeneration After Glucocorticoid-Induced Cutaneous Atrophy

research Epithelial Cells in the Hair Follicle Bulge do not Contribute to Epidermal Regeneration after Glucocorticoid-Induced Cutaneous Atrophy

23 citations , July 2007 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Hair follicle bulge cells don't help skin regrow after glucocorticoid damage; interfollicular epidermis cells do.

research Recent advances in the molecular mechanisms causing primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance

15 citations , April 2016 in “Hormones”

Mutations in the NR3C1 gene cause a rare condition that affects hormone signaling and can lead to various symptoms, with dexamethasone as a treatment option.

research The mineralocorticoid receptor plays a transient role in mouse skin development

12 citations , August 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology”

The mineralocorticoid receptor temporarily affects mouse skin development, but the glucocorticoid receptor has a more lasting impact.