86 citations
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April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.
2 citations
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January 2004 in “Sen i Gakkaishi” Human hair and nail proteins are unlikely to cause allergic reactions.
22 citations
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January 1990 85 citations
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36 citations
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November 2019 in “Molecular biology and evolution” Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
23 citations
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January 1981 Hair is mostly made of three protein types: helical, high-sulfur, and high-tyrosine.
48 citations
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January 2002 in “Journal of Structural Biology” Trichocyte filaments have a low-density core and may include proteins for hair structure.
17 citations
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August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
The trichohyalin gene is located at chromosomal region 1q21 with other skin-related protein genes.
356 citations
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December 1986 in “The journal of cell biology/The Journal of cell biology” Hair and nail cells share similar proteins, indicating a common differentiation pathway.
30 citations
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April 2009 in “Mycoses” Microsporum gypseum fungus breaks down keratin in hair by digesting it enzymatically, starting with less keratinized parts.
28 citations
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October 1985 in “The Journal of Cell Biology” Researchers isolated and identified structural components of human hair follicles, providing a model for studying hair formation.
15 citations
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November 2024 in “Pharmaceutics” Peptide drugs now target hard-to-reach proteins more effectively and specifically.
2 citations
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March 1994 in “Oncology Reports” Keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinomas have similar keratin patterns, making them hard to tell apart.
March 2026 in “Bioconjugate Chemistry” Peptide-based PROTACs show promise in targeting hard-to-treat proteins, especially for cancer therapy.
30 citations
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January 2009 in “The scientific world journal/TheScientificWorldjournal” Hair is hard to dissolve because of its complex proteins, but certain solvents that break specific bonds and hydrate can do it.
64 citations
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March 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” GPRC5D is linked to the formation of hair, nails, and certain tongue areas.
61 citations
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October 2011 in “Experimental dermatology” Scalp itching is common and hard to diagnose due to the complex nerve structure of the scalp.
5 citations
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January 2022 in “Scientific reports” The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.
226 citations
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January 2002 in “Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin” A new method quickly extracts and identifies proteins from hair and other keratin sources.
686 citations
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February 2002 in “Current Opinion in Cell Biology” Keratin filaments are crucial for cell structure and protection, with ongoing discoveries about their genes and functions.
115 citations
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November 2008 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” Reptiles have genes similar to hair proteins, suggesting hair's genetic origins predate mammals.
5 citations
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February 1998 in “Polymer” Human hair keratin has a 40% α-helix structure that changes to a random coil in 8 M urea.
82 citations
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January 2006 in “International review of cytology” Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
44 citations
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May 2008 in “Acta Zoologica” Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
8 citations
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January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.
9 citations
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October 2025 in “MedComm” PROTACs offer new ways to treat hard-to-target diseases, with promising drugs for cancer in advanced trials.
Finding functions for unknown GPCRs is hard but key for making new drugs.
83 citations
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May 2011 in “European Journal of Dermatology” Corneodesmosin is crucial for skin and hair health, and its dysfunction can cause skin and hair disorders.
January 2024 in “Journal of Hard Tissue Biology” A high-fat diet may weaken tongue structure by reducing certain protein genes.