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GlossaryHormone Therapy

involves administering hormones to correct or modify imbalances

Hormone Therapy (HT), also known as Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) or Endocrine Therapy, involves the administration of hormones to correct or modify hormonal imbalances in the body. It is commonly used to alleviate symptoms of menopause, treat hormone-sensitive cancers like breast and prostate cancer, and support gender transition in transgender individuals by aligning their physical characteristics with their gender identity.

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Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy in Trans Persons Is Safe and Effective at Short-Term Follow-Up: Results from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence

research Cross‐Sex Hormone Therapy in Trans Persons Is Safe and Effective at Short‐Time Follow‐Up: Results from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence

204 citations , May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine”

Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.

research Hormone therapy for transgender patients

146 citations , December 2016 in “Translational Andrology and Urology”

Hormone therapy is essential for transgender individuals but requires careful management due to possible metabolic effects.

research Hormone replacement therapy and the skin

138 citations , May 2000 in “Maturitas”

Estrogen replacement can improve skin health in menopausal women but doesn't reverse sun damage or prevent hair loss.

Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy for Hirsutism Is as Effective as High Dose Cyproterone Acetate but Results in a Longer Remission

research Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy for hirsutism is as effective as high dose cyproterone acetate but results in a longer remission

49 citations , April 1997 in “Human reproduction”

Hormone therapy for excessive hair growth is as good with GnRHa as with high-dose CPA, but GnRHa has longer-lasting results.

research Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender Females

32 citations , September 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology”

Hormone therapy for transgender females increases the risk of blood clots and requires careful dosing, monitoring, and lifelong management.

research Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy for Transgender Men

28 citations , October 2018 in “Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology”

Testosterone therapy seems safe and effective for transgender men with proper care, but more long-term research is needed.

research Skin climacteric aging and hormone replacement therapy

27 citations , March 2006 in “Journal of cosmetic dermatology”

HRT helps improve skin issues caused by menopause.

research Hormone therapy in acne

24 citations , January 2013 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology”

Hormonal treatment is effective for women with acne not helped by usual treatments, especially if they have hormonal imbalances.

research Treatment of hirsutism with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and estrogen replacement therapy

19 citations , March 1994 in “Fertility and sterility”

The combination therapy reduced hirsutism in women with PCOD and was well-tolerated.

research Cardiovascular effects of hormone therapy for prostate cancer

18 citations , July 2015 in “Drug Healthcare and Patient Safety”

Hormone therapy for prostate cancer can increase heart risks, especially in men with heart conditions.

research Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Population

15 citations , September 2021 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology”

Hormone therapy increases the risk of heart-related issues in transgender women and may affect heart health in transgender men.

research Cross-sex hormone therapy in Australia: the prescription patterns of clinicians experienced in adult transgender healthcare

15 citations , February 2019 in “Internal Medicine Journal”

Australian doctors experienced in adult transgender healthcare mostly prescribe intramuscular testosterone and oral estradiol, recommend mental health assessments before hormone therapy, and support improved training and guidelines.

research Hormone Therapy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review

12 citations , January 2022 in “Journal of Menopausal Medicine”

Careful medical care is needed for those over 50 on hormone therapy during COVID-19.

research Progestogens in menopausal hormone therapy

10 citations , January 2015 in “Przeglad Menopauzalny”

Progestogens are essential in menopausal hormone therapy to prevent uterine cancer and must be chosen carefully based on individual needs.

research Maximizing surgical outcomes with gender affirming hormone therapy in gender affirmation surgery

9 citations , May 2024 in “Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology”

Gender affirming hormone therapy improves outcomes in gender affirmation surgery.

research Histological and Gene Expression Analysis of the Effects of Menopause Status and Hormone Therapy on the Vaginal Introitus and Labia Majora

7 citations , January 2019 in “Journal of clinical medicine research”

Menopause causes significant changes in the vaginal introitus, but less so in the labia majora, which may lead to symptoms of vaginal atrophy.

research The role of androgens in hormone replacement therapy

6 citations , September 2005 in “Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy”

Androgen therapy can help with symptoms like low libido in women, but more research is needed to understand its long-term safety and effects on health.

research A new look at an old option in the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer: hormone therapy as an alternative to watchful waiting

5 citations , September 1998 in “Medical hypotheses”

Hormone therapy might be a proactive alternative to watchful waiting for early-stage prostate cancer, potentially improving survival without aggressive treatment downsides.

research Prevalence of Psoriasis and Perceived Association with Hormone Therapy in Transgender Adults

4 citations , March 2022 in “Transgender Health”

Psoriasis rates in transgender people are similar to the general population, but hormone therapy might affect it.

Patterns of Psychotropic Medication Prescribing and Potential Drug-Hormone Interactions Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adults Within 2 Years of Hormone Therapy

research Patterns of psychotropic medication prescribing and potential drug-hormone interactions among transgender and gender-diverse adults within 2 years of hormone therapy

1 citations , January 2024 in “Journal of the American Pharmacists Association”

Transgender and gender-diverse adults on hormone therapy often face drug-hormone interactions, especially with multiple psychotropic medications.

research Exploring Hormone Therapy Effects on Reproduction and Health in Transgender Individuals

1 citations , November 2023 in “Medicina”

Hormone therapy improves mental well-being in transgender individuals but requires ongoing health monitoring.

research Lymphomatoid papulosis improving on hormone-replacement therapy

1 citations , February 2009 in “Clinical and Experimental Dermatology”

Hormone-replacement therapy improved a woman's skin condition known as lymphomatoid papulosis.

research Intracrinology and Testosterone Pellet Therapy: An Enzyme-Aware, Symptom-Driven Approach to Hormone Optimization in Aging

April 2026 in “Cureus”

Testosterone pellet therapy may better address hormone imbalances in aging by focusing on local hormone production and symptom relief.

research (024) Monitored Hormone Therapy in Women 70 Years and Older: Aging Does Not Mean Sexual Retirement

March 2026 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine”

Hormone therapy can improve sexual health and quality of life for women 70 and older.

research SUN-144 Initiating Estradiol Hormone Therapy in a Transgender Woman With Multifocal Idiopathic Localization-Related Epilepsy

October 2025 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

The patient was satisfied with hormone therapy, and her epilepsy remained stable.

research Clinical pearls addressing hair growth and loss in transgender patients on hormone replacement therapy

March 2025 in “Dermatology Online Journal”

Dermatologists should guide transgender patients on effective hair growth and loss treatments during hormone therapy.

research 7288 A Preclinical Mouse Model of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy: Metabolic and Behavioral Outcomes

October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society”

Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects metabolism differently based on treatment type.

The Prevalence of Androgenetic Alopecia with Hormone Therapy in Transgender Men: A Systematic Review and Single-Arm Meta-Analysis

research 53039 The prevalence of androgenetic alopecia with hormone therapy in transgender men: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis

September 2024 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology”

Many transgender men on testosterone therapy experience hair loss.

Efficacy of Topical Minoxidil in Enhancing Beard Growth in Transgender Individuals Assigned Female at Birth on Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy

research Efficacy of topical minoxidil in enhancing beard growth in a group of transgender assigned female at birth individuals on gender affirming hormone therapy

April 2024 in “Journal of endocrinological investigation”

Topical minoxidil helps transgender individuals assigned female at birth grow more facial hair.

Priorities for Efficacy Trials of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy With Estrogen: Collaborative Design and Results of a Community Survey

research Priorities for efficacy trials of gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen: collaborative design and results of a community survey

February 2024 in “Hormones”

Future hormone therapy trials should match the diverse needs and priorities of the gender-diverse community.