October 2018 in “The American journal of gastroenterology” Pembrolizumab can cause serious liver issues, requiring close monitoring and early treatment.
Mycophenolate mofetil is a good alternative for autoimmune hepatitis patients who can't tolerate azathioprine.
9 citations
,
April 2020 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause scalp inflammation and hair follicle issues.
1 citations
,
November 1991 in “PubMed” Immunoadsorption successfully treated a man's resistant polymyositis.
August 2025 in “International Journal of Research in Dermatology” Combining glucocorticoids with immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide improves remission and reduces relapse in pemphigus patients.
21 citations
,
January 2021 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Thiopurines help treat IBD but require genetic testing to avoid side effects.
1 citations
,
November 2024 in “Blood” PI3Kδ inhibition may effectively treat cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease.
7 citations
,
July 1990 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” A woman with bullous pemphigoid had an allergic reaction to azathioprine, but got better with alternative treatments.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” PX-12 may help treat psoriasis by blocking inflammation and cell death.
22 citations
,
January 2012 in “Mediators of inflammation” Nonantibiotic macrolides show promise for treating various inflammatory skin conditions.
97 citations
,
January 2020 in “Advances in chronic kidney disease” Calcineurin inhibitors, used in kidney transplants, can cause a wide range of side effects including kidney damage and other health issues.
70 citations
,
October 2020 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology” Janus kinase inhibitors are promising drugs for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
January 2018 in “Springer eBooks” PDE inhibitors, especially PDE4 inhibitors like apremilast, are effective for certain inflammatory skin conditions but have side effects and can be costly.
6 citations
,
April 2016 in “Australasian journal of dermatology” Renal transplant patients on tacrolimus and sirolimus may develop acne keloidalis nuchae.
7 citations
,
May 2010 in “Journal of Dermatological Treatment” A man with multiple autoimmune diseases developed liver injury from azathioprine, but his liver improved after stopping the drug.
80 citations
,
January 1995 in “The Nephron journals/Nephron journals” The treatment was effective for lupus nephritis with manageable side effects.
71 citations
,
May 2024 in “New England Journal of Medicine” Ruxolitinib may effectively treat APS-1 by reducing harmful immune responses.
9 citations
,
February 2011 in “Biologics: Targets & Therapy” Topical calcineurin inhibitors, especially 0.1% tacrolimus ointment, are effective and well-tolerated for treating cutaneous lupus erythematosus but require more research for standard treatment guidelines.
5 citations
,
January 2021 in “Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine” Testing for the NUDT 15 variant is crucial before starting azathioprine, especially in Asians.
45 citations
,
March 1998 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Majocchi's granuloma can occur in kidney transplant patients on tacrolimus and can be treated with antifungal medication.
26 citations
,
July 1992 in “International Journal of Dermatology” Oral cyclosporine A and prednisolone effectively improved alopecia universalis without side effects.
November 2020 in “Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research” Tacrolimus is a better option than cyclosporine due to fewer side effects.
November 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Combining MMP-9 and JAK inhibitors can effectively prevent skin depigmentation in vitiligo.
87 citations
,
December 2016 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” Cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors may develop alopecia, but some hair regrowth is possible with treatment.
1 citations
,
May 2022 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Astilbin can potentially calm overactive immune responses, like in Type 1 Diabetes, by suppressing certain cell activities and reducing inflammation.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Immunotherapy for cancer caused a patient to develop a condition affecting hormone production, requiring ongoing hormone replacement therapy.
9 citations
,
May 2005 in “Expert Review of Clinical Immunology” Blocking interferon-gamma might help treat various autoimmune diseases.
8 citations
,
March 2023 in “PubMed” JAK inhibitors show promise in treating difficult skin diseases.
22 citations
,
April 1998 in “Dermatologic Clinics” Interferons are effective for some skin conditions and cancers, but can have side effects and need more research for optimal use.
1 citations
,
August 2019 in “Chinese Medical Journal” A man developed facial skin lesions after a stem cell transplant, which improved with specific treatments.