309 citations
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June 2001 in “Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology” Mutations in the androgen receptor gene cause androgen insensitivity, leading to female traits in genetically male individuals.
August 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
42 citations
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August 2017 in “Human Reproduction” Women with polycystic ovary syndrome tend to have a longer distance between the clitoris and anus.
May 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Testosterone significantly affects urination differences between male and female mice.
3 citations
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February 2018 in “Journal of evolution of medical and dental sciences” Some ovarian tumors can cause masculinization, and it's important to check for various causes when this symptom is present.
11 citations
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July 2019 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Spironolactone might cause painful intercourse and decreased sexual arousal in women.
6 citations
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January 2003 in “Dermatology” Men with X-linked recessive ichthyosis often experience male-pattern baldness.
2 citations
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July 2022 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” U.S. dermatology residents need more education and experience with LGBT patients to improve their cultural competency.
1 citations
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August 2021 in “Medical Science Monitor” Male and female hair loss have different genetic causes.
September 2025 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Hair loss in males and females is influenced by immune cell interactions, with potential treatments identified.
September 1961 in “Archives of Dermatology” Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is generally not considered precancerous, but there are exceptions.
April 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” People with Lichen sclerosus are more likely to have skin conditions like vitiligo and alopecia areata, heart disease risks, and other health issues. They should be checked for these, but screening plans shouldn't differ based on gender due to lack of data.
14 citations
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September 2017 in “General and comparative endocrinology” Barn owls with smaller black spots have higher testosterone levels, which might be due to genetic effects on hormone regulation rather than hormone effects on coloration.
4 citations
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March 2019 in “JAT. Journal of applied toxicology/Journal of applied toxicology” PFOS exposure disrupts hormone levels and enzyme activities in juvenile frogs, affecting males and females differently.
26 citations
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July 2020 in “Fertility and Sterility” Male infertility and genitourinary birth defects are often linked to genetic issues.
17 citations
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February 2021 in “Journal of Social Philosophy” Beauty standards cause widespread harm and need collective action to address.
1 citations
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April 2024 in “Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery”
March 2025 in “Journal of College of Physicians And Surgeons Pakistan” Many LGBTQ individuals in Lahore face skin issues, with androgenic alopecia, dry skin, and scabies being common, highlighting the need for better healthcare access and provider training.
June 2023 in “Research Square (Research Square)” Hair loss in male pattern baldness is linked to changes in immune cell behavior around hair follicles.
39 citations
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April 2018 in “Hormones” No consistent link between genotype and phenotype in 5-α-Reductase type 2 deficiency.
December 2025 in “Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases” 1 citations
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December 2024 in “BMC Genomics” Nuptial pads in Chinese brown frogs change seasonally due to specific gene activity.
47 citations
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February 2019 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” LGBT individuals have unique skin health needs, including higher STD risks and side effects from gender-affirming treatments, requiring dermatologists to offer knowledgeable and culturally competent care.
51 citations
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May 2021 in “Nature Communications” High proliferation and cell delamination drive early skin development, while later stages may not rely on cell division orientation.
53 citations
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May 1996 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Different mutations in the 5 alpha-reductase-2 gene were found in affected individuals in the Dominican Republic, suggesting no common ancestry.
7 citations
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January 2021 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)” Skin cells control immune cell placement, helping the skin respond better to challenges.
2 citations
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January 1990
6 citations
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January 2020 in “BMC Medical Genetics” A new mutation in the STS gene causes X-linked ichthyosis, even in rare female cases.
30 citations
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December 1996 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”
1 citations
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October 2025 in “Scientific Reports” Mandarin duck sail feathers change with seasons due to hormones and genetic regulation.