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GlossaryKeratinocyte Differentiation

process where skin cells mature and produce protective keratin

Keratinocyte differentiation, also known as keratinocyte maturation, is the process by which keratinocytes, the primary cells in the outer layer of the skin, develop and change as they move from the deeper layers to the surface. During this journey, they produce keratin, a protective protein, and eventually form the tough, outermost layer of the skin that acts as a barrier against environmental damage. This process is crucial for maintaining skin integrity and function.

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research Upregulation of genes orchestrating keratinocyte differentiation, including the novel marker gene ID2, by contact sensitizers in human bulge‐derived keratinocytes

6 citations , January 2010 in “Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology”

The ID2 gene can help distinguish between sensitizers and irritants in skin cells.

research Planar cell polarity effector gene Intu regulates cell fate-specific differentiation of keratinocytes through the primary cilia

19 citations , August 2012 in “Cell death and differentiation”

Intu gene is crucial for hair follicle formation by helping keratinocytes differentiate through primary cilia.

DNA Dioxygenases Tet2/3 Regulate Gene Promoter Accessibility and Chromatin Topology in Lineage-Specific Loci to Control Keratinocyte Differentiation and Hair Growth

research 1440 DNA dioxygenases Tet2/3 regulate gene promoter accessibility and chromatin topology in lineage-specific loci to control keratinocyte differentiation and hair growth

April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Tet2 and Tet3 enzymes are important for controlling hair growth and shape by affecting gene activity and DNA structure in hair follicles.

research Overexpression of Hoxc13 in differentiating keratinocytes results in downregulation of a novel hair keratin gene cluster and alopecia

114 citations , May 2001 in “Development”

Overexpression of Hoxc13 in hair cells causes hair loss and skin issues.

research 604 DNA dioxygenases TET regulate keratin gene expression and enhancer networks within lineage-specific gene loci during epidermal and hair follicle-specific keratinocyte differentiation

April 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

TET enzymes are important for skin and hair development by controlling gene activity in specific areas.

DNA Dioxygenases Tet1/2/3 Control Hair Matrix Keratinocyte Differentiation and Hair Shaft Shape via Regulation of Hair Keratin Gene Expression

research 764 DNA dioxygenases Tet1/2/3 control hair matrix keratinocyte differentiation and hair shaft shape via regulation of hair keratin gene expression

June 2020 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

The enzymes Tet1, Tet2, and Tet3 are important for the development of hair follicles and determining hair shape by controlling hair keratin genes.

research The Nude Mutant Gene Foxn1 Is a HOXC13 Regulatory Target during Hair Follicle and Nail Differentiation

68 citations , December 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

HOXC13 is essential for hair and nail development by regulating Foxn1.

research The involvement of Elf5 in regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation processes in skin

January 2025 in “PLoS ONE”

Elf5 controls skin cell growth and development, making it a potential target for skin treatments.

research 591 Chromatin architectural protein CTCF regulates terminal keratinocyte differentiation in the developing epidermis and hair follicles

April 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

CTCF protein is essential for skin and hair follicle development in mice.

research Hair follicle differentiation: expression, structure and evolutionary conservation of the hair type II keratin intermediate filament gene family

65 citations , February 1992 in “Development”

Type II keratin genes are crucial for hair follicle differentiation and have a conserved structure and expression pattern.

Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Keratinocyte Progenitor Cell Expansion, Differentiation, and Hair Follicle Regression by miR-22

research Post-transcriptional Regulation of Keratinocyte Progenitor Cell Expansion, Differentiation and Hair Follicle Regression by miR-22

52 citations , May 2015 in “PLOS Genetics”

miR-22, a type of microRNA, controls hair growth and its overproduction can cause hair loss, while its absence can speed up hair growth.

research The role of Glucosylceramides in Keratinocyte Differentiation and Epidermal Barrier Function

1 citations , January 2013

Glucosylceramides are essential for healthy skin and proper wound healing.

research Nuclear Topology, Epigenetics, and Keratinocyte Differentiation

2 citations , August 2013 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Nuclear shape and chromatin changes affect gene expression in skin cell differentiation.

research Dissection of a Complex Enhancer Element: Maintenance of Keratinocyte Specificity but Loss of Differentiation Specificity

42 citations , June 2002 in “Molecular and Cellular Biology”

Keratinocyte gene expression is controlled by multiple modules with specific binding sites.

research Differentiation of Mouse Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into a Multipotent Keratinocyte Lineage

101 citations , December 2010 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Scientists turned mouse stem cells into skin cells that can grow into skin layers and structures.

research Impaired LEF1 Activation Accelerates iPSC-Derived Keratinocytes Differentiation in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

1 citations , May 2022 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Faulty LEF1 activation causes faster skin cell differentiation in premature aging syndrome.

Ectopic Expression of the Nude Gene Induces Hyperproliferation and Defects in Differentiation: Implications for the Self-Renewal of Cutaneous Epithelia

research Ectopic Expression of the nude Gene Induces Hyperproliferation and Defects in Differentiation: Implications for the Self-Renewal of Cutaneous Epithelia

69 citations , August 1999 in “Developmental biology”

The nude gene causes skin cell overgrowth and improper development, leading to hair and urinary issues.

research Expression of hair-related keratins in a soft epithelium: Subpopulations of human and mouse dorsal tongue keratinocytes express keratin markers for hair-, skin- and esophageal-types of differentiation

128 citations , March 1989 in “Experimental Cell Research”

Hoxc13 is important for hair and tongue development by controlling hair keratin genes.

research Coactivator MED1 Ablation in Keratinocytes Results in Hair-Cycling Defects and Epidermal Alterations

41 citations , December 2011 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Deleting MED1 in skin cells causes hair loss and skin changes.

research Deletion of the Sox21 gene drastically affects hair lipids

2 citations , October 2012 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Deleting the Sox21 gene changes hair lipid composition and increases cholesterol sulfate levels.

Chromatin Remodeler Lymphoid-Specific Helicase (Lsh) Is a Critical Determinant Controlling Postnatal Epidermal Growth, Differentiation, and Response to Injury

research 707 Chromatin remodeler Lymphoid-specific helicase (Lsh) is a critical determinant controlling postnatal epidermal growth, differentiation and response to injury

April 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Lymphoid-specific helicase (Lsh) is crucial for skin growth, change, and healing after injury.

research Regulation of Involucrin Gene Expression

138 citations , June 2004 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Involucrin gene expression is controlled by specific proteins and signaling pathways.

research Interplay of MicroRNA-21 and SATB1 in Epidermal Keratinocytes during Skin Aging

16 citations , June 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

miR-21 increases skin aging by reducing SATB1, affecting skin cell function.

research Perspectives of Alopecia behind the Regulation of Foxn1 Gene Exposes the Human Nude Phenotype

October 2018 in “InTech eBooks”

The gene Foxn1 is important for hair growth, and understanding it may lead to new alopecia treatments.

research Expression of the Intermediate Filament Keratin Gene,K15,in the Basal Cell Layers of Epithelia and the Hair Follicle

46 citations , November 1998 in “Experimental Cell Research”

K15 gene is mainly active in the basal layers of hair follicles and epithelia, aiding early skin cell development.