January 2019 in “ISGE series” Estrogen helps prevent artery plaque by stopping monocyte capture in blood vessels.
233 citations
,
November 2002 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Creating stronger blockers for skin enzymes might lead to better treatment for conditions like acne and excessive hair growth.
22 citations
,
January 2004 in “Dermatology” Topical estrogen helps hair growth in menopausal women with no major side effects.
187 citations
,
December 2005 in “Experimental Dermatology” Estrogens can improve skin aging but carry risks; more research is needed on safer treatments.
67 citations
,
January 2007 in “Climacteric” Estrogens and SERMs can help with skin aging, but their safety and effectiveness need more research.
65 citations
,
August 2007 in “Experimental Dermatology” Human hair follicles can make and process prostaglandins, which may affect hair growth.
February 2024 in “Hormones” Future hormone therapy trials should match the diverse needs and priorities of the gender-diverse community.
July 2021 in “Archives of Dermatological Research” Alopecia patients have less GPER-1, which might affect hair loss.
9 citations
,
January 2016 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” The study concluded that both estrogen and androgen receptors, which decrease with age, are linked to skin aging and may be hormonally regulated.
August 2009 in “International Journal of Dermatology” A postmenopausal woman's facial redness, acne, and excess hair were caused by too much hormone therapy for insomnia, but improved after stopping the treatment.
50 citations
,
May 2004 in “Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft” Estrogens generally inhibit hair growth and improve skin quality, but their exact effects on hair follicles are complex and not fully understood.
252 citations
,
January 2008 in “Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism” Melatonin in the skin helps protect against damage from stress and UV rays, and could be used to treat certain skin conditions.
218 citations
,
October 2013 in “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America” Mice lacking the PPARγ gene in their fat cells had almost no fat tissue, severe metabolic problems, and abnormal development of other fat-related tissues.
143 citations
,
October 1996 in “Dermatologic Clinics” Too much androgen can cause hair loss; finasteride may help.
137 citations
,
June 2005 in “Climacteric” Estrogen loss during menopause worsens skin health, but hormone replacement therapy may improve it, though more research is needed.
51 citations
,
September 2020 in “Cell Metabolism” Glutamine metabolism affects hair stem cell maintenance and their ability to change back to stem cells.
31 citations
,
January 2017 in “Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology” Low testosterone and 5α-reductase inhibitors can harm men's metabolic and sexual health; testosterone therapy may help, but discussing 5α-RIs' side effects is important.
22 citations
,
April 2015 in “Current problems in dermatology” Human hair follicles have a unique metabolism that changes between growth stages and may contribute to baldness.
4 citations
,
April 1999 in “Dermatologic Clinics” Androgens, like DHT, affect hair growth and treatments like finasteride may help.
3 citations
,
October 2010 in “Epilepsy Currents” Altered metabolism can help control seizures by changing brain signaling and energy use, suggesting new treatments for epilepsy.
130 citations
,
June 2003 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings” Estrogen Receptor ß (ERß) is the main hormone controller in human skin and hair follicles, not Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) or the Androgen Receptor (AR).
61 citations
,
February 2001 in “American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology” Metabolic syndrome and PCOS are related but separate conditions, with metabolic syndrome increasing the risk of heart disease and diabetes.
21 citations
,
January 2003 in “Skin pharmacology and physiology” Different skin cells process testosterone differently, and certain drugs can change this process, possibly helping treat acne and hair loss.
14 citations
,
December 2010 in “Seminars in Oncology” Rare adrenal cancers that secrete androgens or estrogens have a poor prognosis and are treated primarily with surgery.
3 citations
,
June 2025 in “Drug Design Development and Therapy” Targeting glycolysis may help treat PCOS by improving insulin sensitivity and ovarian function.
369 citations
,
June 2013 in “Biochimie” Myo-inositol supplements may improve insulin sensitivity and help with conditions like PCOS and gestational diabetes, but more research is needed.
4 citations
,
September 2014 in “Elsevier eBooks” Use some skin medications with caution during pregnancy; avoid strong steroids, certain eczema treatments, and systemic retinoids, but many topical treatments and nasal sprays are safe.
45 citations
,
February 2012 Obese women with PCOS are more likely to have fatty liver disease.
5 citations
,
November 1999 in “Medical Hypotheses” Minoxidil, a common hair loss treatment, might work by counteracting a hormone that reduces hair growth and promotes hair loss.
December 2025 in “Frontiers in Endocrinology” High chromogranin A levels are linked to obesity and inflammation in polycystic ovary syndrome.