87 citations
,
May 2018 in “Scientific Reports” Higher free testosterone levels in men are linked to a stronger immune response, not weaker.
54 citations
,
February 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Hair loss in women may have causes other than hormones.
50 citations
,
May 2020 in “Journal of Clinical Medicine” Non-binary transgender individuals need personalized hormonal treatments for better well-being and quality of life.
41 citations
,
December 2016 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” Hormone therapy and surgeries for transgender individuals affect their skin and hair, requiring specific dermatologic treatments and respectful care.
32 citations
,
April 1994 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” High androgen levels and genetic factors likely cause Becker's nevus and related symptoms.
24 citations
,
March 2018 in “Pediatric Dermatology” Testosterone treatment in transgender teens can worsen acne, requiring careful treatment due to mental health and medication side effects.
5 citations
,
January 2017 in “Endocrinology” Genetic defects in testosterone production can cause hormonal and developmental disorders, and more research is needed to understand androgen regulation and develop safer treatments.
5 citations
,
April 2014 in “European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology” AMH levels can't reliably tell the difference between LOCAH and all types of PCOS in women with excessive hair growth.
5 citations
,
October 2010 in “General and Comparative Endocrinology” Flutamide and finasteride reduced sex hormones in pregnant hyenas, but increased them in males.
3 citations
,
January 2008 in “Endocrine journal” A new mutation linked to partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and prostate cancer was found in a patient unhappy with their female gender assignment.
2 citations
,
January 2011 in “Clinical medicine insights” Dutasteride is effective for treating prostate enlargement and reducing related surgery risk, but is not approved for preventing prostate cancer.
January 2026 in “Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience” Neurosteroids like neuro-estrogen and neuro-androgen are crucial for brain function and can improve cognition and protect against aging-related decline.
March 2024 in “Research Square (Research Square)” Sex steroids affect the MafB gene differently in male and female hamsters.
December 2023 in “Annals of phytomedicine” Dutasteride is more effective than finasteride for hair loss treatment.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A boy with a new NR5A1 gene mutation has a sex development disorder without affecting his adrenal glands.
October 2022 in “Endocrine journal” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatments can help with penile growth in males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, with dihydrotestosterone being more effective in infancy.
September 2022 in “Curēus” The removed ovarian tumor was a rare type of blood vessel tumor that improved the patient's symptoms and hormone levels after surgery.
November 2021 in “Khyber Medical University Journal” A rare ovarian tumor caused a postmenopausal woman to develop male-like features, which improved after surgery.
December 2020 in “Current Sexual Health Reports” Finasteride can have lasting negative effects on brain function and behavior by disrupting neurosteroid production.
December 2005 in “Endocrine-related cancer” A woman's adrenal tumor disappeared after treatment with cyproterone acetate.
13 citations
,
June 2008 in “Springer eBooks” 21 citations
,
December 1977 in “Journal of pediatric surgery” Individuals with male pseudohermaphroditism often do better raised as females with early surgery.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 13-year-old girl's masculine symptoms improved after surgery for a rare adrenal tumor that produced male hormones.
March 1997 in “The Lancet” Hirsutism is abnormal male-pattern hair growth in females due to excess androgens.
54 citations
,
November 1995 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” Females with 5 alpha-reductase-2 deficiency have less body hair, no acne, normal fertility, and delayed menarche.
162 citations
,
April 2016 in “The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy in transgender men has both desired effects like increased muscle mass and potential health risks such as higher cardiovascular risk.
19 citations
,
July 2013 in “The obstetrician & gynaecologist” The document concludes that careful evaluation is needed to diagnose PCOS correctly due to similar symptoms in other conditions, and accurate testosterone level measurement is crucial.
February 2022 in “Obstetrics and gynaecology cases - reviews” PCOS can cause unusual symptoms like late puberty and enlarged clitoris, making diagnosis difficult.
31 citations
,
September 2020 in “Clinical endocrinology” Some antiandrogens may lower testosterone better than others, but it's unclear which is best for feminization in transgender women; more research is needed.
71 citations
,
August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.