52 citations
,
January 2016 in “Sexual Development” Both genetic and hormonal factors are crucial for bird sex differentiation, and disturbances can cause sex reversal.
53 citations
,
January 1986 in “Endocrinology” Blocking a specific enzyme in male rat fetuses leads to the development of nipples and feminized genitalia.
November 2022 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A transman experienced lasting virilization symptoms after stopping testosterone, which were resolved with estradiol treatment.
162 citations
,
April 2016 in “The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology” Testosterone therapy in transgender men has both desired effects like increased muscle mass and potential health risks such as higher cardiovascular risk.
June 2023 in “Sri Lanka Journal of Menopause”
23 citations
,
August 2005 in “Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy” New treatments for low male hormones improved sexual function and mood but had unclear risks, especially for older men.
71 citations
,
August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
2 citations
,
September 1971 in “Metabolism, clinical and experimental” Dihydrotestosterone has a reduced effect on muscle-building in people with testicular feminization syndrome, especially after their gonads are removed.
24 citations
,
December 2016 in “Psychiatric Clinics of North America” Transgender women can develop feminine traits and improve their quality of life through hormone therapy and surgery, but results vary and access to surgery can be limited.
88 citations
,
September 2003 in “Clinical endocrinology” Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone may effectively suppress testosterone in some transfeminine individuals.
October 2022 in “Springer eBooks” The document concludes that personalized hormonal treatments are important for transgender individuals and more research is needed for non-binary treatments.
1 citations
,
November 2023 in “American journal of clinical pathology” Transgender men on testosterone therapy need ongoing gynecologic care due to potential cancer risks.
25 citations
,
September 2014 in “Pharmacotherapy” Hormone therapy can improve mental health and quality of life for people with gender dysphoria, but long-term effects need more research.
10 citations
,
May 2009 in “Sexual and Relationship Therapy” The document concludes that hormone therapy is essential for treating gender dysphoria, with specific drugs and monitoring protocols recommended for safety and effectiveness.
8 citations
,
March 2008 in “Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift/Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift” Adding estrogen increased bone mass in a transsexual man undergoing hormone therapy.
9 citations
,
July 2024 in “Internal Medicine Journal” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves mental health and gender incongruence but requires careful management of cardiovascular and cancer risks.
June 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Skin issues from testosterone therapy in transgender men can be managed with combined dermatology and endocrinology care.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Gender-affirming hormone therapy affects metabolism differently based on treatment type.
21 citations
,
December 2015 in “Development Growth & Differentiation” DHT is crucial for urethral formation, and its disruption can affect masculinization and lead to hypospadias.
1 citations
,
January 2020 in “Elsevier eBooks” Hormone therapy is safe and effective for transgender adults, but requires regular monitoring and mental health support.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” Estrogen alone can lower testosterone in some transfeminine people.
105 citations
,
June 2010 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone undecanoate increases lean mass and causes various physical changes in female-to-male transsexuals.
50 citations
,
May 2020 in “Journal of Clinical Medicine” Non-binary transgender individuals need personalized hormonal treatments for better well-being and quality of life.
204 citations
,
May 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Hormone therapy for trans individuals is effective and generally safe in the short term.
June 2026 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” Skin issues from testosterone therapy in transgender men can be managed with combined dermatology and endocrinology care.
March 2016 in “The Journal of Urology” The discovery of 5α-reductase deficiency in guevedoces led to the development of important urologic medications.
77 citations
,
May 2012 in “Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs” New treatments for male hypogonadism are effective and should be personalized.
14 citations
,
December 1998 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” MENT could be a better option than testosterone for male hormone therapy and birth control because it works well at lower doses and has fewer side effects on the prostate.
41 citations
,
December 2016 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” Hormone therapy and surgeries for transgender individuals affect their skin and hair, requiring specific dermatologic treatments and respectful care.