Orthognathic surgeons play a key role in modifying masculine facial features to be more feminine, often improving transgender women's quality of life.
7 citations
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April 2012 in “Clinical investigation” Transdermal testosterone can improve sexual desire in postmenopausal women but lacks long-term safety data and is not FDA-approved for this use.
1 citations
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October 2022 in “Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics” Gender-affirming therapy can cause skin issues like acne and hair loss in transgender adolescents, and more research is needed on its dermatological effects.
57 citations
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December 2018 in “JAMA Surgery” Hormone treatment for transgender patients may not need to be stopped before surgery, but more research is needed, especially on estrogen.
4 citations
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January 2022 in “Journal of Menopausal Medicine” Gender-affirming hormone therapy in South Korea aligns with international guidelines and has specific side effects.
2170 citations
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September 2017 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for safe and effective hormone treatment in gender-dysphoric individuals, with specific guidelines for adolescents and adults.
1 citations
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April 2022 in “Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery” Hormone therapy greatly improves the quality of life for adults seeking gender reaffirmation, but more research is needed in India.
The document recommends a multidisciplinary approach and experience sharing to advance facial feminization surgery as a medical field.
October 2025 in “Contribuciones a las Ciencias Sociales” Alopecia in transgender individuals on hormone therapy can worsen emotional distress and affect self-esteem.
November 2007 in “Neuro-chirurgie/Neurochirurgie” Cyproterone acetate is a safe treatment that causes mild feminizing effects and is more effective with added estrogens.
October 2025 in “Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)” Hormone therapies improve mental health and quality of life for those with gender dysphoria.
MTS effectively improves hair density and thickness in menopausal women with hair loss.
January 2024 in “Brazilian Journal of Hair Health” Testosterone therapy in transgender men can lead to hair loss, with the risk increasing over time and influenced by family history.
71 citations
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August 2019 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Testosterone treatment effectively causes male physical development in transgender male adolescents but may lead to side effects like acne, higher BMI and blood pressure, lower good cholesterol, and decreased bone density.
3 citations
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November 2019 in “Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies” A 20-year-old woman with a rare form of Turner syndrome showed improvement with hormonal therapy and needs comprehensive care.
37 citations
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May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
2 citations
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September 2007 in “International Journal of Impotence Research” Local testosterone treatment improved sexual desire in a female with fragile X syndrome.
17 citations
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February 2018 in “British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery” Forehead reduction and orbital contouring are important for satisfactory facial feminization in transgender females, with high satisfaction and low long-term problems.
36 citations
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May 2017 in “The journal of sexual medicine” Cyproterone acetate treatment is safe and causes mild feminization, which increases with added estrogen.
48 citations
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January 2005 in “Treatments in Endocrinology”
23 citations
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January 2016 in “Transgender health” Hormone therapy with estradiol and spironolactone can regrow scalp hair in transgender women by lowering testosterone to female levels.
1 citations
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July 2025 in “BMC Psychology” Social rejection can harm long-term mental health in transgender individuals.
110 citations
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October 2013 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone treatment in trans men increases body and facial hair and may lead to hair loss over time, but severe skin issues are rare.
19 citations
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August 2018 in “Clinics in plastic surgery” The conclusion is that certain surgeries can help people with gender dysphoria look more like their true gender and feel better.
29 citations
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May 2013 in “Andrologia” Cross-sex hormone treatment in transsexual individuals helps understand how sex hormones affect diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
1 citations
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October 2021 in “LGBT health” The review discusses how facial masculinization surgeries are done and their costs.
3 citations
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March 2022 in “Transgender Health” More research is needed to improve lower body gender affirmation techniques.
5 citations
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May 2011 in “Movement Disorders” Finasteride significantly reduced tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in Tourette syndrome patients.
A hair transplant using hair from the back of the head and pubic area was successful in creating a feminine hairline for a male-to-female transgender person.
May 2019 in “CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)” MITF+ melanoma patients are more likely to have multiple melanomas and unique skin patterns.