research Evolution of hard proteins in the sauropsid integument in relation to the cornification of skin derivatives in amniotes
Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.
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research Comprehensive molecular and cellular studies suggest avian scutate scales are secondarily derived from feathers, and more distant from reptilian scales
Bird scales evolved from feathers, not reptile scales.
research Single-cell transcriptomics defines keratinocyte differentiation in avian scutate scales
The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.
research Decay of Skin-Specific Gene Modules in Pangolins
Pangolins have lost some skin-related genes, but kept others, leading to their unique scales and skin features.
research Structural and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Keratinization in Vertebrate Epidermis and Epidermal Derivatives
Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.
research Distribution of keratin and associated proteins in the epidermis of monotreme, marsupial, and placental mammals
Monotreme and marsupial skin proteins show primitive features and species-specific differences compared to placental mammals.
research Review: Evolution and diversification of corneous beta‐proteins, the characteristic epidermal proteins of reptiles and birds
Corneous beta-proteins evolved uniquely in reptiles and birds, forming scales, claws, beaks, and feathers.
research Cornification in reptilian epidermis occurs through the deposition of keratin‐associated beta‐proteins (beta‐keratins) onto a scaffold of intermediate filament keratins
Reptile skin hardens by layering beta-proteins on keratin.
research Perspectives on Hair Evolution Based on Some Comparative Studies on Vertebrate Cornification
Hair in mammals likely evolved from glandular structures, not scales.
research Ichthyoses
Ichthyoses are skin disorders causing scales, with treatment depending on type and severity.
research Skin Appendage Proteins of Tetrapods: Building Blocks of Claws, Feathers, Hair and Other Cornified Epithelial Structures
Understanding proteins in skin structures like claws and hair is crucial for future research.
research Convergent Evolution of Cysteine-Rich Keratins in Hard Skin Appendages of Terrestrial Vertebrates
Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
research Comparative genomics analyses of alpha-keratins reveal insights into evolutionary adaptation of marine mammals
Marine mammals lost many α-keratin genes, aiding their adaptation to aquatic life by becoming hairless.
research Spiny Keratoderma
Spiny keratoderma is a rare skin condition with small spines on palms and soles, possibly linked to abnormal hair formation.
research Spiny keratoderma ‐ a demonstration of hair keratin and hair type keratinization
Spiny keratoderma may be ectopic hair formation on palms and soles.
research The Story of the Finest Armor: Developmental Aspects of Reptile Skin
Reptile skin protects and prevents water loss, helping them adapt to land.
research Mammalian keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs) subgenomes: disentangling hair diversity and adaptation to terrestrial and aquatic environments
Different hair types in mammals are linked to variations in specific protein genes, with changes influenced by their living environments.
research Terrestrial vertebrates have two keratin gene clusters; striking differences in teleost fish
Terrestrial vertebrates have balanced keratin gene clusters, unlike teleost fish.
research Ultrastructural localization of hair keratin homologs in the claw of the lizard Anolis carolinensis
Lizard claws have hair-like keratins similar to those in mammals.
research Keratinization of sheath and calamus cells in developing and regenerating feathers
Feathers become harder as they develop due to a change in keratin type.
research Different keratin polypeptides in epidermis and other epithelia of human skin: a specific cytokeratin of molecular weight 46,000 in epithelia of the pilosebaceous tract and basal cell epitheliomas.
Basal-cell epitheliomas and the pilosebaceous tract share a unique keratin, distinguishing them from other skin areas.
research Fine structure of marsupial hairs, with emphasis on trichohyalin and the structure of the inner root sheath
Marsupial hair structure and keratin distribution are similar to placental mammals.
research Evo Devo of the Vertebrates Integument
The skin systems of jawed vertebrates evolved diverse appendages like hair and scales from a common structure over 420 million years ago.
research Ultrastructural localization of hair keratins, high sulfur keratin-associated proteins and sulfhydryl oxidase in the human hair
Hair proteins change location and structure as hair cells mature.
research Human hair keratin-associated proteins: Sequence regularities and structural implications
Keratin-associated proteins help link filaments and affect keratin's strength.
research Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization
Keratinization in embryos helped vertebrates adapt to land by forming a protective skin barrier.
research The skin of primates. XLI. The skin of the silver marmoset—Callithrix (= Mico) Argentata
The silver marmoset's skin is thin, lacks pigment cells, and has unique features like keratinized spines and specialized glands.
research Cornified Epithelial Teeth of Jawless Vertebrates Contain Proteins Similar to Keratin-Associated Proteins of Mammalian Skin Appendages
Jawless vertebrates have teeth proteins similar to those in mammalian hair and nails.
research The organization of the keratin I and II gene clusters in placental mammals and marsupials show a striking similarity
Keratin gene clusters in humans and marsupials are similarly organized.
research Existence of various structural zones in keratinous tissues revealed by X-ray microdiffraction
Keratinous tissues have multiple structural layers, including ordered keratin and lipid granules.