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GlossaryRapamycin

drug that inhibits mTOR to suppress immune response

Rapamycin, also known as Sirolimus, is a drug originally discovered in soil bacteria from Easter Island. It is primarily used as an immunosuppressant to prevent organ transplant rejection and has shown potential in extending lifespan and treating certain diseases by inhibiting a protein called mTOR, which regulates cell growth and metabolism.

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research Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) may modulate the timing of anagen entry in mouse hair follicles

28 citations , November 2012 in “Experimental dermatology”

A protein complex called mTORC1 likely affects when hair growth starts in mice.

research PKC downregulation upon rapamycin treatment attenuates mitochondrial disease

26 citations , December 2020 in “Nature metabolism”

Rapamycin treatment helps with mitochondrial disease by reducing PKC levels.

research Effects of immunosuppressive peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) inhibitors, cyclosporin A, FK506, ascomycin and rapamycin, on hair growth initiation in mouse: immunosuppression is not required for new hair growth

20 citations , January 1995 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

Cyclosporin A and FK506 can start new hair growth without needing immunosuppression.

research Rapamycin but not acarbose decreases age-related loss of outer hair cells in the mouse Cochlea

15 citations , September 2018 in “Hearing research”

Rapamycin reduces age-related hearing cell loss in mice, but acarbose does not.

research Efficacy and Safety of Sirolimus for Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome: A Prospective Study

13 citations , January 2021 in “The American journal of gastroenterology”

Sirolimus effectively reduces lesions and improves quality of life in Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome with manageable side effects.

Fibrous Papule of the Face, Similar to Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Associated Angiofibroma, Shows Activation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway: Evidence for a Novel Therapeutic Strategy?

research Fibrous Papule of the Face, Similar to Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-Associated Angiofibroma, Shows Activation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway: Evidence for a Novel Therapeutic Strategy?

12 citations , February 2014 in “PLoS ONE”

Topical rapamycin may effectively treat fibrous papules on the face.

Promotion of Hair Regrowth by Transdermal Dissolvable Microneedles Loaded with Rapamycin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanoparticles

research Promotion of Hair Regrowth by Transdermal Dissolvable Microneedles Loaded with Rapamycin and Epigallocatechin Gallate Nanoparticles

7 citations , July 2022 in “Pharmaceutics”

The microneedle device with rapamycin and epigallocatechin gallate effectively promoted hair regrowth in mice.

research Acne keloidalis nuchae in renal transplant patients receiving tacrolimus and sirolimus

6 citations , April 2016 in “Australasian journal of dermatology”

Renal transplant patients on tacrolimus and sirolimus may develop acne keloidalis nuchae.

research Protein kinase C is a key target for attenuation of Leigh syndrome by rapamycin

5 citations , February 2019 in “bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)”

Rapamycin may help treat Leigh syndrome by targeting protein kinase C.

research Allogeneic Hair Transplantation with Enhanced Survival by Anti-ICAM-1 Antibody with Short-Term Rapamycin Treatment in Nonhuman Primates

4 citations , October 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Using an anti-ICAM-1 antibody with rapamycin improves hair transplant survival in monkeys.

research LAM/TSC Cell Migration to Uterus in an Experimental Model of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Regulation by Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody and Rapamycin

2 citations , January 2014 in “Journal of Cytology & Histology”

Rapamycin and anti-EGFR antibody reduce LAM/TSC cell migration and blood vessel growth in the uterus.

research Angelica sinensis promotes cortical regeneration of the thymus in mice with acute thymic involution induced by short-term rapamycin treatment

March 2026 in “Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)”

Angelica sinensis helps repair and regenerate the thymus in mice.

research Enhancing hair regrowth using rapamycin-primed mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes

June 2025 in “Theranostics”

Rapamycin-primed exosomes can significantly boost hair regrowth.

research Low-dose rapamycin microdepots promote hair regrowth via autophagy modulation

April 2025 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation”

Low-dose rapamycin microdepots can help regrow hair by activating certain cell processes.

A Low Dose of Rapamycin Promotes Hair Cell Differentiation by Enriching SOX2+ Progenitors in Neonatal Mouse Inner Ear Organoids

research A Low Dose of Rapamycin Promotes Hair Cell Differentiation by Enriching SOX2+ Progenitors in the Neonatal Mouse Inner Ear Organoids.

March 2024 in “PubMed”

A low dose of rapamycin increases inner ear hair cell creation by boosting SOX2+ cell numbers.

Valproic Acid and/or Rapamycin Preconditioning Protects Hair Follicle Stem Cells from Oxygen Glucose Serum Deprivation-Induced Oxidative Injury via Activating Nrf2 Pathway

research Valproic acid and/or rapamycin preconditioning protects hair follicle stem cells from oxygen glucose serum deprivation-induced oxidative injury via activating Nrf2 pathway.

January 2024 in “PubMed”

Valproic acid and rapamycin protect hair follicle stem cells from damage by activating a protective pathway.

research Prevention of Murine Sclerodermatous Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease by Rapamycin

January 2013 in “Biology of blood and marrow transplantation”

Rapamycin increased survival in mice with severe chronic graft-versus-host disease by expanding regulatory T cells.

research Effect of immunosuppressive ppiase inhibitors, cyclosporin A, FK506, ascomycin and rapamycin on hair growth initiation

August 1994 in “Journal of dermatological science”

Cyclosporin A and FK506 can start new hair growth in mice, but ascomycin and rapamycin cannot.

Skin Expression of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Forkhead Box Transcription Factor O1, and Serum Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Patients with Acne Vulgaris and Their Relationship with Diet

research Skin expression of mammalian target of rapamycin and forkhead box transcription factor O1, and serum insulin‐like growth factor‐1 in patients with acne vulgaris and their relationship with diet

93 citations , January 2016 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Eating a high-glycemic diet may worsen acne by increasing certain protein levels and expressions in the skin.

research Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression is increased in acne patients' skin

74 citations , October 2015 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Acne patients have higher levels of mTOR in their skin, which could be linked to future metabolic disease.

research Molecular pathways involved in hair follicle tumor formation: all about mammalian target of rapamycin?

18 citations , January 2009 in “Experimental Dermatology”

mTOR may link different pathways in hair follicle tumor formation.

research Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin and Hypoxia Signalling Pathways in Basal Cell Carcinoma and Trichoepithelioma

15 citations , September 2014 in “PloS one”

The study found that analyzing certain cell signaling pathways is not a reliable method to tell apart two types of skin tumors.

research Differential expression of phospho‐S6 in hair follicle tumors: Evidence of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activation

4 citations , January 2019 in “Journal of cutaneous pathology”

The mTOR pathway may be involved in the development of hair follicle tumors, with higher activity in malignant tumors.

Elevated Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Gene Expression in Acne Vulgaris Patients

research Elevated Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Gene Expression in Acne Vulgaris patients

January 2023 in “Al-Azhar International Medical Journal /Al-Azhar International Medical Journal”

Acne patients have higher mTOR gene expression.

research The Role of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in Pulmonary Fibrosis

177 citations , March 2018 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

mTOR inhibitors may help treat lung fibrosis.

research Combination Of Regulatory T Cells and Rapamycin As Treatment For Experimental Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

November 2013 in “Blood”

Using regulatory T cells and Rapamycin together improves chronic graft-versus-host disease treatment outcomes in mice.

research Aging and Immortality: Quasi-Programmed Senescence and Its Pharmacologic Inhibition

295 citations , September 2006 in “Cell Cycle”

The conclusion is that using drugs to block the TOR pathway might slow aging and prevent age-related diseases.

research Regulatory T Cells: the Many Faces of Foxp3

125 citations , September 2019 in “Journal of Clinical Immunology”

Foxp3 is crucial for regulatory T cell function, and targeting these cells may help treat immune disorders.

research Stimulation of Hair Growth by Small Molecules that Activate Autophagy

88 citations , June 2019 in “Cell reports”

Certain small molecules can promote hair growth by activating a cellular cleanup process called autophagy.

Overactivated Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Aggravates Intrauterine Adhesion by Inhibiting Autophagy in Endometrial Stromal Cells

research Overactivated sonic hedgehog signaling aggravates intrauterine adhesion via inhibiting autophagy in endometrial stromal cells

52 citations , September 2020 in “Cell Death and Disease”

Overactive sonic hedgehog signaling worsens uterine scarring by reducing cell recycling.