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GlossaryEpidermal Layers

multiple strata of cells forming the skin's outermost part

Epidermal layers refer to the multiple strata of cells that make up the outermost part of the skin, known as the epidermis. These layers include, from the deepest to the most superficial, the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), and stratum corneum. Each layer has distinct functions, such as cell regeneration, protection against pathogens, and the formation of a barrier to prevent water loss.

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3D Printing of Skin Equivalents with Hair Follicle Structures and Epidermal-Papillary-Dermal Layers Using Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

research 3D Printing of Skin Equivalents with Hair Follicle Structures and Epidermal‐Papillary‐Dermal Layers Using Gelatin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels

18 citations , July 2022 in “Chemistry - an Asian journal”

Scientists created a 3D printed skin that includes hair and layers similar to real skin using a special gel.

Analysis of Epidermal Protection Using Cold Air Versus Chilled Sapphire Window with Water or Gel During 810 nm Diode Laser Application

research Analysis of epidermal protection using cold air versus chilled sapphire window with water or gel during 810 nm diode laser application

15 citations , January 2003 in “Lasers in Surgery and Medicine”

Cold air and a chilled sapphire window both protect the skin during laser treatments, and work better with water or gel, especially for darker skin.

research Effects of non-ablative fractional erbium glass laser treatment on gene regulation in human three-dimensional skin models

24 citations , January 2016 in “Lasers in Medical Science”

Erbium glass laser treatment may help with skin remodeling, reduce inflammation, and improve skin cell maturation.

research The Effects of Multiple Power Densities of Carbon Dioxide Laser on Photothermal Damage in Rat Skin Tissue

May 2023 in “Current Applied Science and Technology”

Higher power CO2 laser causes more severe skin burns and damage.

research Tissue repair and stress responses of aged skin epidermis

January 2020

Aging disrupts skin repair and stress responses, but exercise-related IL-15 improves wound healing and skin health in older skin.

research Hair removal options in darker skin types through laser innovation and energy-based modalities

October 2025 in “International Journal of Research in Dermatology”

New laser technologies and methods are safer and more effective for hair removal on darker skin tones.

research The distributions of type IV collagen .ALPHA. chains in basement membranes of human epidermis and skin appendages

36 citations , January 2007 in “Archives of Histology and Cytology”

Type IV collagen chains vary in different parts of human skin, with specific patterns linked to melanocytes.

research Animal Study of Skin Resurfacing Using the Ultrapulse Carbon Dioxide Laser

69 citations , August 1995 in “Annals of Plastic Surgery”

The ultrapulse carbon dioxide laser can effectively resurface skin without scarring.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Tight Junction Network Across Multiple Layers of Human Epidermis by Array Tomography Using Backscattered Electron-Mode Scanning Electron Microscopy

research LB1081 Three-dimensional imaging of tight junction-network across multiple layers of human epidermis by array tomography using backscattered electron-mode scanning electron microscopy

August 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

The study found that tight junctions reach the top layer of the skin's stratum granulosum, not just the second top layer as previously thought.

research Epidermal/Dermal Separation Techniques and Analysis of Cell Populations in Human Skin Sheets

1 citations , December 2022 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Choosing the right method to separate skin layers is key for good skin cell research.

research Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy as a Tool for the Investigation of Skin Drug Delivery Systems and Diagnosis of Skin Disorders

4 citations , March 2013 in “InTech eBooks”

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a useful tool for studying how drugs interact with skin and diagnosing skin disorders, despite some limitations.

research Feature identification of skin diseases and laser therapy with a portable optical coherence imaging system

September 2023

A portable imaging system shows promise for diagnosing skin diseases and checking laser treatment effects.

research A Niche Above: A Novel Modality of Stem Cell Regulation in Mammalian Skin Epidermis

March 2021 in “Cell stem cell”

Skin cell behavior is influenced by the tightness of nearby cells, affecting their growth and development.

research Laser therapy on darker ethnic skin

35 citations , October 2003 in “Dermatologic clinics”

Laser therapy on darker skin has higher risks and needs expert handling.

research Concise Review: Wnt Signaling Pathways in Skin Development and Epidermal Stem Cells

105 citations , October 2017 in “Stem cells”

Wnt signaling is crucial for skin development and hair growth.

research Histomorphological and histochemical studies on the different layers of skin of Bakerwali goat

12 citations , October 2014 in “Journal of Applied Animal Research”

Bakerwali goat skin thickens with age, especially on the neck, and shows strong lipid reactions in the keratin layer.

research Mechanical stiffness across skin layers in human: a pilot study

1 citations , December 2024 in “Tissue Barriers”

The epidermis is the stiffest skin layer.

research BMP-FGF Signaling Axis Mediates Wnt-Induced Epidermal Stratification in Developing Mammalian Skin

84 citations , October 2014 in “PLoS Genetics”

Wnt signaling is essential for forming the skin's spinous layer through a BMP-FGF pathway.

research Expression of epidermal keratins and filaggrin during human fetal skin development.

292 citations , October 1985 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Keratins and filaggrin change as fetal skin develops, marking key stages of skin formation.

research Effect of keratin‐gelatin and bFGF‐gelatin composite film as a sandwich layer for full‐thickness skin mesh graft in experimental dogs

50 citations , December 2007 in “Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B Applied Biomaterials”

Keratin-gelatin films improve skin graft success in dogs.

research Skin Tissue: A Place for SARS-CoV-2 to Multiply and Transmit?

1 citations , September 2021 in “Advances in skin & wound care”

SARS-CoV-2 might infect and multiply in skin tissue, possibly aiding in its transmission.

Chromatin Remodeler Lymphoid-Specific Helicase (Lsh) Is a Critical Determinant Controlling Postnatal Epidermal Growth, Differentiation, and Response to Injury

research 707 Chromatin remodeler Lymphoid-specific helicase (Lsh) is a critical determinant controlling postnatal epidermal growth, differentiation and response to injury

April 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Lymphoid-specific helicase (Lsh) is crucial for skin growth, change, and healing after injury.

research Histochemical evidence of mucosubstances in the metaplastic epidermis and hair follicles produced in vitro in the presence of excess vitamin A

20 citations , February 1977 in “The anatomical record”

Excess vitamin A changes skin and hair follicle development and affects polysaccharide distribution.

research In-Silico Modelling of Transdermal Delivery of Macromolecule Drugs Assisted by a Skin Stretching Hypobaric Device

1 citations , November 2022 in “Pharmaceutical research”

The simulation showed that hypobaric pressure improves drug delivery through the skin, but stretching alone doesn't fully explain the increase.

Thy1 Marks a Distinct Population of Slow-Cycling Stem Cells in the Mouse Epidermis

research 560 Isolation of an “early” transit amplifying keratinocyte population in interfollicular human epidermis: a role for CD271 receptor

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Scientists found a new type of skin cell that could help with skin repair and these cells work better with a certain protein.

research Expression patterns of programmed cell death 4 protein in normal human skin and some representative skin lesions

37 citations , February 2007 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Increasing PDCD4 protein may help prevent or treat some skin cancers.