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GlossaryTerminal Hair Follicles

structures producing thick, pigmented hair on scalp and body

Terminal hair follicles are the structures in the skin that produce terminal hair, which is the thick, pigmented hair found on the scalp, face, armpits, and pubic area. Unlike vellus hair, which is fine and light, terminal hair is coarser and darker, and its growth is influenced by hormonal changes, particularly androgens.

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Expression of the L-Fucose Moiety on Infrainfundibular Follicular Keratinocytes of Terminal Follicles, Its Decreased Expression on Vellus and Indeterminate Follicles of Androgenetic Alopecia, and Re-Expression in Drug-Induced Hair Regrowth

research Expression of the L-Fucose Moiety on Infrainfundibular Follicular Keratinocytes of Terminal Follicles, Its Decreased Expression on Vellus and Indeterminate Follicles of Androgenetic Alopecia, and Re-Expression in Drug-Induced Hair Regrowth

9 citations , January 1992 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Sugar molecule helps hair growth, less in balding, returns with treatment.

Viable Terminal Scalp Hair Follicles Are Necessary and Sufficient for Clinical Efficacy of Finasteride in Male Pattern Hair Loss

research Viable terminal scalp hair follicles constitute a necessary and sufficient biological end‐organ that conditions clinical efficacy of finasteride in males with male pattern hair loss without implying reversal of miniaturized follicles

6 citations , June 2019 in “Skin Research and Technology”

Finasteride works for hair loss by maintaining existing hair follicles, not reversing miniaturization.

Pattern Hair Loss: Assessment of Microinflammation in Miniaturized and Terminal Hair Follicles Through Horizontal Histologic Sections

research Pattern hair loss: Assessment of microinflammation in miniaturized and terminal hair follicles through horizontal histologic sections

11 citations , April 2020 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology”

Microinflammation is more intense in smaller hair follicles and may be linked to hair loss.

Characterization of Cell Cycle Arrest and Terminal Differentiation in a Maximally Proliferative Human Epithelial Tissue: Lessons from the Human Hair Follicle Matrix

research Characterisation of cell cycle arrest and terminal differentiation in a maximally proliferative human epithelial tissue: Lessons from the human hair follicle matrix

30 citations , April 2017 in “European Journal of Cell Biology”

CIP/KIP proteins help stop cell division and support hair growth.

research 561 Vellus-to-terminal hair follicle reconversion does occur in male pattern balding in a new humanized mouse model of androgenetic alopecia and is promoted by minoxidil and PRP

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Minoxidil and PRP can help convert miniaturized hair follicles back to normal in male pattern baldness.

research Expression of MK6a dominant-negative and C-terminal mutant transgenes in mice has distinct phenotypic consequences in the epidermis and hair follicle

30 citations , October 1999 in “Differentiation”

Mutant MK6a transgenes in mice cause blistering, hair loss, and potential human alopecia.

research Colocalization of Cystatin M/E and its Target Proteases Suggests a Role in Terminal Differentiation of Human Hair Follicle and Nail

22 citations , November 2008 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Cystatin M/E helps in the final stages of hair and nail formation by controlling certain enzymes.

Maintenance of Optimized Hair Growth from Viable Terminal Scalp Hair Follicles at Baseline with Oral Finasteride in Male Pattern Hair Loss and First Evidence of a Drug Dependency and a Post-Finasteride Rebound Effect

research Maintenance of optimised hair growth from viable terminal scalp hair follicles at baseline with oral finasteride in male pattern hair loss and first evidence of a “drug dependency” and a post-finasteride “rebound effect”.

4 citations , May 2019 in “Skin Research and Technology”

Finasteride helps hair growth but stopping it causes faster hair loss.

research 564 Vertex and Occipital Intermediate and Terminal Hair Follicles from Androgenetic Alopecia Patients are Differentially Affected by Testosterone Ex Vivo

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Occipital hair follicles in male pattern baldness respond uniquely to testosterone, not androgen-insensitive.

research 591 Chromatin architectural protein CTCF regulates terminal keratinocyte differentiation in the developing epidermis and hair follicles

April 2021 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

CTCF protein is essential for skin and hair follicle development in mice.

research Penetration Profile of Microspheres in Follicular Targeting of Terminal Hair Follicles

316 citations , June 2004 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

Microspheres about 1.5 micrometers in size can best penetrate hair follicles, potentially reaching important stem cells.

Vellus-To-Terminal Hair Follicle Reconversion Occurs In Male Pattern Balding And Is Promoted By Minoxidil And Platelet-Rich Plasma: In Vivo Evidence From A New Humanized Mouse Model Of Androgenetic Alopecia

research Vellus-to-terminal Hair Follicle Reconversion Occurs in Male Pattern Balding and is Promoted by Minoxidil and Platelet-rich Plasma: In Vivo Evidence from a New Humanized Mouse Model of Androgenetic Alopecia

October 2023 in “Acta dermato-venereologica”

Minoxidil and platelet-rich plasma can help turn thin hair into thicker hair in male pattern baldness.

research ESDR561 – Vellus-to-terminal hair follicle reconversion does occur in male pattern balding in a new humanized mouse model of androgenetic alopecia and is promoted by minoxidil and PRP

September 2022

research ESDR564 – Vertex and Occipital Intermediate and Terminal Hair Follicles from Androgenetic Alopecia Patients are Differentially Affected by Testosterone Ex Vivo

September 2022

research Human hair follicle: reservoir function and selective targeting

97 citations , September 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

The human hair follicle can store topical compounds and be targeted for drug delivery with minimal side effects.

The Ludwig Pattern of Androgenetic Alopecia Is Due to a Hierarchy of Androgen Sensitivity Within Follicular Units That Leads to Selective Miniaturization and a Reduction in the Number of Terminal Hairs Per Follicular Unit

research The Ludwig pattern of androgenetic alopecia is due to a hierarchy of androgen sensitivity within follicular units that leads to selective miniaturization and a reduction in the number of terminal hairs per follicular unit

47 citations , September 2008 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Ludwig pattern hair loss in women results from varying sensitivity in hair follicles, causing fewer visible hairs.

research Intermediate hair follicles: a new more clinically relevant model for hair growth investigations

30 citations , May 2010 in “British Journal of Dermatology”

Intermediate hair follicles are a better model for studying hair growth and testing hair loss treatments.

Androgens Trigger Different Growth Responses in Genetically Identical Human Hair Follicles in Organ Culture Reflecting Their Epigenetic Diversity in Life

research Androgens trigger different growth responses in genetically identical human hair follicles in organ culture that reflect their epigenetic diversity in life

19 citations , October 2017 in “The FASEB Journal”

Male hormones cause different growth in identical human hair follicles due to their unique epigenetic characteristics.

research Histology of the Human Hair Follicle

9 citations , June 2008 in “Springer eBooks”

Understanding hair follicle structure is key for treating hair disorders and could help develop new treatments.

Hair Follicle Changes Following Intense Pulsed Light Axillary Hair Reduction: Histometrical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Evaluation

research Hair follicle changes following intense pulsed light axillary hair reduction: histometrical, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation

8 citations , February 2017 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Intense pulsed light treatment effectively reduces underarm hair by making hair follicles smaller and extending their resting phase.

research Pharmacological aspects of hair follicle growth

7 citations , January 1989

Minoxidil and 4-MA can help treat hair loss.

research Compound Follicles in Folliculitis Decalvans Do Not Contain Vellus and Retained Telogen Follicles—A Pilot Histopathologic Series on Polytrichia

October 2024 in “Journal of Cutaneous Pathology”

Compound follicles in folliculitis decalvans mainly have active hair follicles.

research Hair regrowth in male and female pattern hair loss does not involve the conversion of vellus hair to terminal hair

14 citations , January 2016 in “Experimental Dermatology”

Hair regrowth doesn't convert thin hairs to thick hairs, but increases overall hair density.

Quantification of Hair Follicle Parameters Using Computer Image Analysis: A Comparison of Androgenetic Alopecia with Normal Scalp Biopsies

research Quantification of hair follicle parameters using computer image analysis: A comparison of androgenetic alopecia with normal scalp biopsies

13 citations , August 1995 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

Hair follicles are smaller in people with androgenetic alopecia compared to those with normal scalps.

research Hair Follicle Miniaturization in a Woolly Hair Nevus

6 citations , February 2016 in “American Journal of Dermatopathology”

The boy with woolly hair nevus had thinner hair and abnormal hair follicles, which improved with treatment but worsened when treatment stopped.

research Association of basonuclin with ability of keratinocytes to multiply and with absence of terminal differentiation.

104 citations , July 1994 in “The Journal of Cell Biology”

Basonuclin helps keratinocytes multiply and prevents them from fully maturing.

research Hormonal Effects on Hair Follicles

102 citations , July 2020 in “International journal of molecular sciences”

Hormones like testosterone and estrogen significantly affect hair growth and structure.

research Determination of the cuticula thickness of human and porcine hairs and their potential influence on the penetration of nanoparticles into the hair follicles

95 citations , January 2009 in “Journal of Biomedical Optics”

Nanoparticles penetrate hair follicles better when their size matches the cuticula thickness.

research A Novel Epithelial Keratin, hK6irs1, is Expressed Differentially in All Layers of the Inner Root Sheath, Including Specialized Huxley Cells (Flügelzellen) of the Human Hair Follicle

86 citations , May 2002 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

A new keratin, hK6irs1, is found in all layers of the hair follicle's inner root sheath.

research Peptidylarginine Deiminase Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in the Anagen Hair Follicles and Other Human Skin Appendages

71 citations , June 2005 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

PAD enzymes play a key role in hair growth and structure.