July 2023 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism” Gender-affirming hormone therapy improves physical performance in trans men to the level of cisgender men, while in trans women, it increases fat mass and decreases muscle mass, with no advantage in physical performance after 2 years.
855 citations
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June 2009 in “The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism” The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.
166 citations
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October 2018 in “Endocrine Reviews” Hormone treatments for transgender individuals generally improve mental health and physical transition, with some health risks that require medical supervision.
19 citations
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December 2021 in “Endocrine Reviews” There are various effective hormone treatments for puberty induction in boys and girls with hypogonadism, and starting treatment early is important.
10 citations
,
May 2009 in “Sexual and Relationship Therapy” The document concludes that hormone therapy is essential for treating gender dysphoria, with specific drugs and monitoring protocols recommended for safety and effectiveness.
1 citations
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July 2011 in “Climacteric” Long-term estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women can improve certain health markers, hair loss is common regardless of hormone use, stopping estrogen doesn't increase breast cancer risk, smoking does, and a balanced BMI is linked to lower mortality.
January 2015 in “Springer eBooks” Hormones affect skin aging, and treatments targeting hormonal balance may improve skin health.
October 2007 in “Postgraduate obstetrics & gynecology” Testosterone therapy can help postmenopausal women with low sexual desire but needs more safety research and should be used with estrogen therapy.
October 2007 in “Postgraduate obstetrics & gynecology” Testosterone therapy can help with androgen deficiency in women but should be used with caution and monitoring due to potential risks.
177 citations
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July 2004 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Experts recommend thorough medical, sexual, and psychosocial assessments for women's sexual dysfunctions, and suggest individualized treatment plans with regular check-ups. They also mention potential use of estrogen and androgen therapy, but with caution due to safety concerns.
34 citations
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November 2017 in “Gynecological Endocrinology” A transwoman developed a brain tumor after nine years of hormone therapy, suggesting a possible link between the treatment and tumor development.
17 citations
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June 2018 in “Sexual Medicine Reviews” The document concludes that non-operative treatment for gender dysphoria is safe and effective, and hormone therapy does not increase cancer risk.
1 citations
,
July 2015 in “Cambridge University Press eBooks” Testosterone therapy can improve sexual function in women but long-term safety is unclear.
1 citations
,
February 2017 in “Journal of gynecology and womens health” The document concluded that more research is needed to understand how estrogen affects the enzyme involved in hirsutism development.
24 citations
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December 2016 in “Psychiatric Clinics of North America” Transgender women can develop feminine traits and improve their quality of life through hormone therapy and surgery, but results vary and access to surgery can be limited.
9 citations
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April 2021 in “Climacteric” Testosterone therapy is effective and safe for women with low sexual desire, but it's hard to access.
March 2025 in “Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice” Menopausal hormone therapy is best for hot flashes, while other options include SSRIs, SNRIs, fezolinetant, and lifestyle changes.
September 2023 in “Gynäkologische Endokrinologie” Menopause causes skin and hair to become drier and thinner, but hormone therapy can improve these conditions.
20 citations
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April 2021 in “Journal of Womens Health” Testosterone can help premenopausal and postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but its long-term safety is unclear and it's not widely approved for this use.
2 citations
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September 2025 in “Cosmetics” Hormonal therapies can improve skin issues by adjusting hormone levels, with future advancements promising better results.
1 citations
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January 2020 in “Elsevier eBooks” Hormone therapy is safe and effective for transgender adults, but requires regular monitoring and mental health support.
January 2026 in “Clinics in Dermatology” Managing menopause symptoms like skin changes and hair thinning involves hormone therapy, procedures, and skincare, with emotional support being important.
January 2024 in “Cosmetics” Menopause worsens skin, hair, and nails, affecting self-esteem and quality of life.
14 citations
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April 2022 in “Climacteric” Menopause causes dry skin, wrinkles, and hair changes, with hormone therapy helping but not recommended just for these issues.
59 citations
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August 2004 in “Human Reproduction Update” Testosterone replacement can help women with low libido and mood, but they need to have enough estrogen first to avoid side effects.
658 citations
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June 2003 in “Endocrine reviews” Male hormones may play a role in the development of heart disease, and more research is needed to understand their effects.
4 citations
,
December 1994 in “PubMed” Cyproterone acetate with estradiol improved women's self-confidence and emotional well-being without a difference between oral or transdermal methods, but younger women preferred the oral method.
32 citations
,
June 2024 in “Pharmaceutics” Nanoformulations improve drug delivery through the skin, reducing side effects and enhancing effectiveness.
36 citations
,
January 2014 in “The Journal of Sexual Medicine” Testosterone may help increase sexual events for women with low libido due to antidepressants.
30 citations
,
November 2024 in “ACS Materials Au” Microneedles are promising for disease monitoring and drug delivery due to their minimal invasiveness and versatility.