20 citations
,
December 1995 in “International Journal of Pharmaceutics” Liposomes can make the antiandrogen RU 58841 more effective for skin application by reducing absorption, increasing skin retention, and targeting sebaceous structures.
39 citations
,
January 2019 in “The World Journal of Men's Health” Testosterone replacement therapy can prevent men from fathering children and should not be used by those wanting to stay fertile.
33 citations
,
May 1984 in “Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology” Liposomes are not better than acetone for applying DHT on skin.
4 citations
,
December 1994 in “PubMed” Cyproterone acetate with estradiol improved women's self-confidence and emotional well-being without a difference between oral or transdermal methods, but younger women preferred the oral method.
3 citations
,
August 2019 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Clascoterone safely promotes hair growth similar to minoxidil.
37 citations
,
May 2018 in “Transgender health” Oral estradiol works for many transgender women but needs personalized dosing and monitoring.
6 citations
,
July 2018 in “Steroids” Testosterone changes how certain channels work in male rat reproductive tracts, affecting fertility-related fluid balance.
January 2016 in “AACE Clinical Case Reports” Treatment restored normal sexual characteristics and blood condition in a patient with testicular cancer.
9 citations
,
September 2002 in “The Journal of clinical investigation/The journal of clinical investigation” Blocking testosterone speeds up wound healing in males.
5 citations
,
October 2018 in “Sains Malaysiana” Testosterone reduces key molecules needed for early pregnancy in rats.
October 2022 in “Endocrine journal” Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatments can help with penile growth in males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, with dihydrotestosterone being more effective in infancy.
20 citations
,
January 2007 in “Fertility and Sterility” A woman developed male traits from accidental contact with her husband's testosterone gel.
14 citations
,
November 1982 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Testosterone conversion to 5α-DHT may not be essential for its effects on the skin.
4 citations
,
August 2024 in “PLoS ONE” Both injectable contraceptives lower testosterone and SHBG levels, with NET-EN having a greater effect than DMPA-IM.
29 citations
,
September 2024 in “AAPS PharmSciTech” Transcutol® helps drugs penetrate the skin more effectively in various formulations.
1 citations
,
December 2022 in “Bioactive Materials” The microneedle patch with quercetin, zinc, and copper effectively promotes hair regrowth for androgenic alopecia.
Testosterone works in different ways, including direct interaction with its receptor, conversion to other hormones for specific effects on genitalia, hair, bones, and muscle, and changes in body fat and sexual function when low.
29 citations
,
October 2020 in “eLife” Higher testosterone levels can increase the risk of certain diseases like type 2 diabetes in women and prostate cancer in men, but can also protect against autoimmune diseases and hair loss. It also affects body fat and bone density.
88 citations
,
September 2003 in “Clinical endocrinology” Hormone treatment for transsexual individuals is effective but carries risks like thromboembolic events and mood changes, with most side effects being minor and reversible.
January 2026 in “Endocrinology”
September 2024 in “Pediatrics in Review” Parental support and gender-affirming care are crucial for the mental health of transgender adolescents.
10 citations
,
August 1990 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” High doses of cyclosporine A increase testosterone conversion, possibly boosting hair growth.
January 2025 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” Clascoterone cream effectively reduces acne severity and is safe for patients 12 and older.
21 citations
,
October 2011 in “British Journal of Dermatology” Testosterone therapy helped 63% of androgen-deficient women grow scalp hair, but more research is needed.
20 citations
,
April 2021 in “Journal of Womens Health” Testosterone can help premenopausal and postmenopausal women with low sexual desire, but its long-term safety is unclear and it's not widely approved for this use.
September 2025 in “Journal of Medical Case Reports” Finasteride is safe and effective for hair loss in transgender men, but may affect testosterone therapy.
10 citations
,
October 2012 in “Andrology” Prostate cancer can progress even with low testosterone due to internal hormone production in the tumor.
12 citations
,
February 1975 in “Journal of Steroid Biochemistry” April 2019 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” A 12-year-old boy with PAIS successfully developed male characteristics using high-dose testosterone and anastrozole.
42 citations
,
May 2007 in “Endocrinology and metabolism/American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism” Testosterone can build muscle and bone without enlarging the prostate when a specific enzyme is blocked.