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GlossaryTumor Necrosis Factor

protein involved in inflammation and immune system regulation

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), also known as TNF-alpha, is a protein produced by the immune system that plays a crucial role in inflammation and the body's response to infection. It helps regulate immune cells, but excessive TNF can lead to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.

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research Protein kinase Cepsilon is linked to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha ectodomain shedding and the development of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in protein kinase Cepsilon transgenic mice.

79 citations , October 2003 in “PubMed”

Overexpression of PKCepsilon leads to increased TNFalpha, promoting metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in mice.

research Alopecia areata as another immune‐mediated disease developed in patients treated with tumour necrosis factor‐α blocker agents

61 citations , June 2010 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Anti-TNF-α therapy may increase the risk of developing alopecia areata, especially in those with a history of autoimmune disease.

research Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1 Antagonists Alleviate Inflammatory Skin Changes Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Therapy in Mice

53 citations , July 2009 in “Cancer Research”

Blocking certain proteins can reduce skin inflammation caused by cancer treatment.

research Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Clinical, Biochemical, and Molecular Genetic Study

26 citations , August 2014 in “Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers”

High levels of TNF-α may contribute to obesity and insulin resistance in PCOS, but not due to the C850T genetic variation.

Alopecia Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Antagonists: Description of 52 Cases and Disproportionality Analysis in a Nationwide Pharmacovigilance Database

research Alopecia induced by tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonists: description of 52 cases and disproportionality analysis in a nationwide pharmacovigilance database

26 citations , March 2014 in “Rheumatology”

Some drugs used to treat inflammation may cause hair loss.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interferon Gamma, and Substance P Are Novel Modulators of Extrapituitary Prolactin Expression in Human Skin

research Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interferon Gamma and Substance P Are Novel Modulators of Extrapituitary Prolactin Expression in Human Skin

24 citations , April 2013 in “PLOS ONE”

TNFα, IFNγ, and Substance P significantly affect prolactin levels in human skin, suggesting new treatments for skin and hair conditions.

research The Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Level in Platelet-Rich Plasma Might Be Associated with Treatment Outcome in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome or Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

8 citations , December 2023 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

Lower TNF-α levels in PRP may predict better treatment outcomes for bladder conditions.

research Alteration of serum and tissue tumor necrosis factor alpha levels: A possible mechanism of action of oral pulse steroids in the treatment of alopecia areata

5 citations , October 2018 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology”

Oral pulse steroids reduce TNF-α levels, improving alopecia areata.

research Tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor-induced alopecia in pediatric patients: a cohort of 20 patients and review of the literature

3 citations , June 2025 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

Stopping TNFα inhibitors can help children regrow hair lost due to the medication.

research Scarring Alopecia in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Antagonists-Induced Scalp Psoriasis

2 citations , April 2023 in “Journal of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis”

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent permanent hair loss from TNFα inhibitors in scalp psoriasis.

Perifolliculitis Capitis Abscedens Et Suffodiens Treatment With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors and Baricitinib: A Case Report and Literature Review

research Perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens treatment with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and baricitinib: A case report and literature review

2 citations , March 2023 in “Frontiers in medicine”

A 15-year-old boy's severe scalp condition improved significantly with adalimumab and baricitinib treatment.

Oral Contraceptive Pill Treatment Alters Gene Expression of Inflammatory Markers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women

research Oral contraceptive pill (OCP) treatment alters the gene expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women compared to drug-naive PCOS women

2 citations , February 2023 in “BMC women's health”

Birth control pills change the activity of certain inflammation and blood clotting genes in women with PCOS.

research Hair Loss Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors

2 citations , January 2014 in “Journal of clinical and investigative dermatology”

Some drugs used to treat immune conditions may cause different types of hair loss.

research Detection of Serum Levels of Interleukins-17, 21, 6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Patients with Patchy Alopecia Areata and Their Association with Disease Severity

September 2025 in “Diseases”

Higher levels of certain proteins in the blood are linked to more severe patchy alopecia areata.

A Systematic Review of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockers, Anti-Interleukins, and Small Molecule Inhibitors for Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp Treatment

research A systematic review of tumor necrosis factor-α blockers, anti-interleukins, and small molecule inhibitors for dissecting cellulitis of the scalp treatment

May 2025 in “Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases”

TNF-α blockers and IL inhibitors improve symptoms in most patients with severe scalp condition, but more research is needed.

research Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cicatricial alopecia: A systematic review

February 2024 in “PloS one”

Tofacitinib and adalimumab are promising treatments for cicatricial alopecia with few side effects.

Psoriatic Alopecia in a Patient With Crohn's Disease: An Uncommon Manifestation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors

research Psoriatic Alopecia in a Patient With Crohn Disease: An Uncommon Manifestation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α Inhibitors

April 2021 in “Cutis”

A girl with Crohn's disease developed hair loss due to her increased medication, a rare side effect seen in some children.

research Data from Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1 Antagonists Alleviate Inflammatory Skin Changes Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Therapy in Mice

March 2023

TNFα and interleukin-1 blockers reduce skin inflammation from EGFR antibody therapy.

research Data from Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1 Antagonists Alleviate Inflammatory Skin Changes Associated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Therapy in Mice

March 2023

TNFα and interleukin-1 blockers reduce skin inflammation from EGFR antibody therapy.

research Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor associated psoriasiform alopecia (drug-induced psoriasiform alopecia)

April 2012 in “Informa Healthcare eBooks”

Some drugs for inflammation may cause psoriasis-like hair loss.

research Tumor necrosis factor-induced alopecia: alternative pathology and therapy

7 citations , January 2017 in “Dermatology Online Journal”

TNF-inhibitor induced alopecia can be treated effectively with different therapies.

Pityriasis Amiantacea: A Unique Presentation of Psoriasis Associated With Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor Therapy

research P07 Pityriasis amiantacea: a unique presentation of psoriasis associated with tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitor therapy

1 citations , September 2023 in “Rheumatology advances in practice”

A woman's rare scalp condition worsened after using a specific arthritis medication, suggesting such medications can sometimes trigger or aggravate psoriasis.

research Interleukin-15 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Iraqi Patients with Alopecia Areata

6 citations , May 2023 in “Dermatology Research and Practice”

IL-15 and TNF-α levels are higher in alopecia areata patients, especially in alopecia totalis.

Psoriatic Alopecia/Alopecia Areata–Like Reactions Secondary to Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy: A Novel Cause of Noncicatricial Alopecia

research Psoriatic Alopecia/Alopecia Areata–Like Reactions Secondary to Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Therapy: A Novel Cause of Noncicatricial Alopecia

72 citations , February 2011 in “The American Journal of Dermatopathology”

Anti-TNF therapy can cause a unique type of hair loss that may get better with topical treatments without stopping the therapy.

research Alopecia secondary to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy

42 citations , March 2015 in “Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia”

Anti-TNF therapy can cause hair loss and skin issues.

research Psoriatic Alopecia/Alopecia Areata‐Like Reactions Secondary to Anti‐Tumour Necrosis Factor‐Alpha Therapy

1 citations , August 2025 in “Australasian Journal of Dermatology”

Anti-TNF therapy can cause a rare hair loss condition similar to alopecia areata.

Incidence of Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions in a Mexican Sample: An Exploratory Study on Their Association to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha TNF2 Allele

research Incidence of adverse cutaneous drug reactions in a Mexican sample: an exploratory study on their association to tumour necrosis factor alpha TNF2 allele

6 citations , March 2009 in “Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology”

Mexican patients had a lower incidence of skin reactions to drugs and no significant link between these reactions and the TNF2 gene variant.

research Tumor Necrosis Factor in Sepsis

13 citations , March 1990 in “JAMA”

Topical eye β-blockers might cause hair loss, which usually gets better after stopping the medication.

research Supplementary material for: Microinjury-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Surge Stimulates Hair Regeneration in Mice

January 2023 in “Figshare”

Minor skin injuries can boost hair growth by increasing TNF-α.

research Alopesi areata hastalarında serum interferon-gama, tümör nekrozis faktör-alfa, interlökin-13, interlökin-17 ve transforming growth faktör-beta düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi

January 2016

Atopy and altered T cell functions contribute to Alopecia Areata.